genepdf

1. 求聚合酶的英文綜述或介紹

1

A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand. DNA polymerases are best-known for their role in DNA replication, in which the polymerase "reads" an intact DNA strand as a template and uses it to synthesize the new strand. The newly-polymerized molecule is complementary to the template strand and identical to the template's original partner strand. DNA polymerases use a magnesium ion for catalytic activity.

DNA polymerase can add free nucleotides to only the 3』 end of the newly-forming strand. This results in elongation of the new strand in a 5'-3' direction. No known DNA polymerase is able to begin a new chain (de novo). DNA polymerase can add a nucleotide onto only a preexisting 3'-OH group, and, therefore, needs a primer at which it can add the first nucleotide. Primers consist of RNA and DNA bases with the first two bases always being RNA, and are synthesized by another enzyme called primase. An enzyme known as a helicase is required to unwind DNA from a double-strand structure to a single-strand structure to facilitate replication of each strand consistent with the semiconservative model of DNA replication.

Error correction is a property of some, but not all, DNA polymerases. This process corrects mistakes in newly-synthesized DNA. When an incorrect base pair is recognized, DNA polymerase reverses its direction by one base pair of DNA. The 3'->5' exonuclease activity of the enzyme allows the incorrect base pair to be excised (this activity is known as proofreading). Following base excision, the polymerase can re-insert the correct base and replication can continue.

DNA polymerases have highly-conserved structure, which means that their overall catalytic subunits vary, on a whole, very little from species to species. Conserved structures usually indicate important, irreplicable functions of the cell, the maintenance of which provides evolutionary advantages.

Some viruses also encode special DNA polymerases, such as Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase. These may selectively replicate viral DNA through a variety of mechanisms. Retroviruses encode an unusual DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RdDp). It polymerizes DNA from a template of RNA.

2
A polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription. In association with a cluster of other enzymes and proteins, they take nucleotides from solvent, and catalyse the synthesis of a polynucleotide sequence against a nucleotide template strand using base-pairing interactions.

It is an accident of history that the enzymes responsible for the catalytic proction of other biopolymers are not also referred to as polymerases.

One particular polymerase, from the thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus (Taq) (PDB 1BGX, EC 2.7.7.7) is of vital commercial importance e to its use in the polymerase chain reaction, a widely-used technique of molecular biology.

Other well-known polymerases include:

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TDT), which lends diversity to antibody heavy chains
Reverse Transcriptase, an enzyme used by RNA retroviruses like HIV, which is used to create a complementary strand to the preexisting strand of viral RNA before it can be integrated into the DNA of the host cell. It is also a major target for antiviral drugs.

3
RNA polymerase (RNAP or RNApol) is an enzyme that proces RNA. In cells, RNAP is needed for constructing RNA chains from DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription. RNA polymerase enzymes are essential to life and are found in all organisms and many viruses. In chemical terms, RNAP is a nucleotidyl transferase that polymerizes ribonucleotides at the 3' end of an RNA transcript.

Control of the process of gene transcription affects patterns of gene expression and, thereby, allows a cell to adapt to a changing environment, perform specialized roles within an organism, and maintain basic metabolic processes necessary for survival. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that the activity of RNAP is both complex and highly regulated. In Escherichia coli bacteria, more than 100 transcription factors have been identified, which modify the activity of RNAP.

RNAP can initiate transcription at specific DNA sequences known as promoters. It then proces an RNA chain, which is complementary to the template DNA strand. The process of adding nucleotides to the RNA strand is known as elongation; In eukaryotes, RNAP can build chains as long as 2.4 million nucleosides (the full length of the dystrophin gene). RNAP will preferentially release its RNA transcript at specific DNA sequences encoded at the end of genes known as terminators.

Procts of RNAP include:

Messenger RNA (mRNA)—template for the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes.
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes"—a broad class of genes that encode RNA that is not translated into protein. The most prominent examples of RNA genes are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation. However, since the late 1990s, many new RNA genes have been found, and thus RNA genes may play a much more significant role than previously thought.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)—transfers specific amino acids to growing polypeptide chains at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis ring translation
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)—a component of ribosomes
Micro RNA—regulates gene activity
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)—enzymatically active RNA molecules
RNAP accomplishes de novo synthesis. It is able to do this because specific interactions with the initiating nucleotide hold RNAP rigidly in place, facilitating chemical attack on the incoming nucleotide. Such specific interactions explain why RNAP prefers to start transcripts with ATP (followed by GTP, UTP, and then CTP). In contrast to DNA polymerase, RNAP includes helicase activity, therefore no separate enzyme is needed to unwind DNA.

Binding and initiation
RNA Polymerase binding in prokaryotes involves the α subunit recognizing the upstream element (-40 to -70 base pairs) in DNA, as well as the σ factor recognizing the -10 to -35 region. There are numerous σ factors that regulate gene expression. For example, σ70 is expressed under normal conditions and allows RNAP binding to house-keeping genes, while σ32 elicits RNAP binding to heat-shock genes.

After binding to the DNA, the RNA polymerase switches from a closed complex to an open complex. This change involves the separation of the DNA strands to form an unwound section of DNA of approximately 13 bp. Ribonucleotides are base-paired to the template DNA strand, according to Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions. Supercoiling plays an important part in polymerase activity because of the unwinding and rewinding of DNA. Because regions of DNA in front of RNAP are unwound, there is compensatory positive supercoils. Regions behind RNAP are rewound and negative supercoils are present.

Elongation
Transcription elongation involves the further addition of ribonucleotides and the change of the open complex to the transcriptional complex. RNAP cannot start forming full length transcripts because of its strong binding to promoter. Transcription at this stage primarily results in short RNA fragments of around 9 bp in a process known as abortive transcription. Once the RNAP starts forming longer transcripts it clears the promoter. At this point, the -10 to -35 promoter region is disrupted, and the σ factor falls off RNAP. This allows the rest of the RNAP complex to move forward, as the σ factor held the RNAP complex in place.

The 17-bp transcriptional complex has an 8-bp DNA-RNA hybrid, that is, 8 base-pairs involve the RNA transcript bound to the DNA template strand. As transcription progresses, ribonucleotides are added to the 3' end of the RNA transcript and the RNAP complex moves along the DNA. Although RNAP does not seem to have the 3'exonuclease activity that characterizes the proofreading activity found in DNA polymerase, there is evidence of that RNAP will halt at mismatched base-pairs and correct it.

The addition of ribonucleotides to the RNA transcript has a very similar mechanism to DNA polymerization - it is believed that these polymerases are evolutionarily related. Aspartyl (asp) resies in the RNAP will hold onto Mg2+ ions, which will, in turn, coordinate the phosphates of the ribonucleotides. The first Mg2+ will hold onto the α-phosphate of the NTP to be added. This allows the nucleophilic attack of the 3'OH from the RNA transcript, adding an additional NTP to the chain. The second Mg2+ will hold onto the pyrophosphate of the NTP. The overall reaction equation is:

(NMP)n + NTP --> (NMP)n+1 + PPi

Termination
Termination of RNA transcription can be rho-independent or rho-dependent:

Rho-independent transcription termination is the termination of transcription without the aid of the rho protein. Transcription of a palindromic region of DNA causes the formation of a hairpin structure from the RNA transcription looping and binding upon itself. This hairpin structure is often rich in G-C base-pairs, making it more stable than the DNA-RNA hybrid itself. As a result, the 8bp DNA-RNA hybrid in the transcription complex shifts to a 4bp hybrid. These last 4 base-pairs are weak A-U base-pairs, and the entire RNA transcript will fall off

2. 姚開泰的發表學術論文

在攻克癌症的征途上，這些年來，姚開泰在國際國內學術刊物上先後發表學術論文80多篇，成為國內乃至國際上都有影響的腫瘤學專家。美國中華醫學基金會理事長Sawyer博士直言不諱地稱贊：「他是我在中國找到地一位可以信賴地合作夥伴。」1990年，他們在國際上首次建立了EB病毒感染者的鼻咽癌細胞株，並對細胞株的EB病毒基因進行了研究，提出鼻咽癌的EB病毒可能有其特殊類型，為研究鼻咽癌何EB病毒的關系，提出了新的探索方向。
文章列表：
1、cDNA陣列和微陣列在鼻咽癌發生機制中的應用.pdf
2、中西醫結合發展與現代科技交叉（續）——從基因組和腫瘤研究的進展瞻望中西醫結合.pdf
3、克隆羊技術在腫瘤研究中的意義.pdf
4、瘤基因和抑瘤基因的表達和破壞在哺乳動物發育和腫瘤形成中的作用.pdf
5、瘤基因和抑瘤基因表達和破壞在哺乳類發育和腫瘤形成中的作用.pdf
6、瘤基因研究的某些進展.pdf
7、細胞周期調節分子機制與腫瘤發病.pdf
8、鼻咽癌產病因學研究的現狀與瞻望.pdf
9、鼻咽癌研究的回顧與展望：（紀念湖南醫科大學80周年校慶）.pdf
10、-.pdf
11、DesignandpreparationofEpstein-Barrvirusgenome-widecDNAprobes.pdf
12、Effects

13、Expression,lossofheterozygosity,.pdf
14、
-.
15、InvestigationofEpstein-.pdf
16、Isolationanddetectionoflabel-retainingcellsinanaso
pharyngealcarcinomacellline
17、Lentivirus-mediated
.pdf

3. PPR gene是什麼功能是什麼

PPR是由Small和
Peeters(2000)發現和命名的由35個氨基酸組成的序
列單元經串聯重復排列而組成的一個基因家族.
在擬南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中,PPR基因家族
含有450個成員,盡管他們的大多數被預測和認為
定向於線粒體和葉綠體,也許在細胞器的基因表
達中具有作用,但他們的確切功能目前尚未知.

參考 http://cache..com/c?word=ppr%2Cgene&url=http%3A//www%2Eplant%2Dphysiology%2Ecom/pmbissue/2005/119%2Epdf&b=0&a=42&user=

4. 請各位生信大神看一下這個代碼用到的生存分析方法是什麼啊，雖然有代碼，但小白碼論文不知怎麼描述

你好，請問這個代碼你運行成功可嗎？我運行後出現
錯誤: unexpected input in:
" ylab="Survival rate",
main=paste(gene,"(p", pValue ,")",sep=""）"
求解答！

5. 《加西亞·馬爾克斯訪談錄》pdf下載在線閱讀，求百度網盤雲資源

《加西亞·馬爾克斯訪談錄》（[哥倫比亞] 加西亞·馬爾克斯）電子書網盤下載免費在線閱讀

資源鏈接：

鏈接：https://pan..com/s/1q6a9OPKH8D6X7pC4aS1gBQ

書名：加西亞·馬爾克斯訪談錄

作者：[哥倫比亞] 加西亞·馬爾克斯

譯者：許志強

豆瓣評分：8.5

出版社：南京大學出版社

出版年份：2019-7

頁數：424

內容簡介：

【編輯推薦】

★馬爾克斯訪談錄中文版重磅面世，《百年孤獨》標配讀物，精選十一篇重要訪談，其中多篇訪談首度譯成中文。

★十一堂諾獎大師文學課，展現馬爾克斯二十多年創作脈絡，繪制馬爾克斯私人文學圖譜。

聽馬爾克斯親自揭秘他的作品：

他本人的心頭好《枯枝敗葉》，拒絕「嚴肅」詮釋的《百年孤獨》，包含他畢生經歷的《霍亂時期的愛情》，結構周密如鍾表發條的《一樁事先張揚的兇殺案》，「復仇」之作《迷宮中的將軍》……

聽馬爾克斯與文學巨匠們隔空對話：

福克納、卡夫卡、格雷厄姆•格林、卡波蒂、陀思妥耶夫斯基、博爾赫斯、海明威……

★十一場冒險之旅，跟講故事大師馬爾克斯飛升魔幻王國，深入鬼魅地獄，聽他玩笑般講述殘酷詭異的故事，在拉美文學、歷史、文化、政治等各領域探秘。

異域風情滿溢的香蕉種植園，冰得燙手的鯛魚，幽靈般消失的電車，像水一樣淹死孩子的燈光，赤裸的玻利瓦爾，大開殺戒的獨裁者……

★十一次面對面暢談，搜尋打開馬爾克斯世界大門的鑰匙：愛與孤獨。

★中文版由馬爾克斯研究者許志強教授譯出，並作長序導讀。

★裝幀由屢獲「中國最美的書」殊榮的知名設計師周偉偉精心打造，封面甄選馬爾克斯名言佳句，採用手揉紙，給人復古的體驗、溫柔的觸感。

【內容簡介】

加西亞•馬爾克斯，《百年孤獨》的作者，拉美文學的泰斗，作品暢銷全球，所受關注度堪比電影明星。而他本人真正想扮演的角色只有一個，古老又神秘——講故事的人。《加西亞•馬爾克斯訪談錄》精選了這位講故事大師二十多年間接受的重要采訪，清晰而系統地勾勒出他早期、中期乃至後期的創作脈絡，更為了解和研究馬爾克斯其人其事提供了珍貴的一手資料。這里匯集了馬爾克斯的「即興創作」，他盡情講述著亦真亦幻的故事：他的童年、外祖父母、愛情；他的記者生涯、創作的艱辛與愉悅；他的卡夫卡、福克納；他的加勒比根基、左翼立場、他與卡斯特羅的友誼；他對電影、音樂的看法……這部訪談錄就像一個故事魔盒，記錄了馬爾克斯的真實聲音、私密時刻、思想火花。魔幻現實在這里流淌，談話的藝術在這里盡顯。

作者簡介：

【編者簡介】

吉恩•貝爾-維亞達（ Gene H. Bell-Villada），美國威廉姆斯學院羅曼語系主任，著有《為藝術而藝術及文學生活：政治和市場如何幫助塑造唯美主義的思想和文化，1790—1990》（入圍美國國家圖書評論獎）、《海外美國人：在熱帶長大的外國佬》等。

【譯者簡介】

許志強，浙江大學世界文學和比較文學研究所教授、博導，著有《馬孔多神話和魔幻現實主義》，譯有《在西方的注視下》《水手比利•巴德》等。

6. 《DevOps實踐指南》pdf下載在線閱讀，求百度網盤雲資源

《DevOps實踐指南》（[美] Gene Kim）電子書網盤下載免費在線閱讀

鏈接：https://pan..com/s/1zoFPqaNSjzZtFOLvV5tGbA

書名：DevOps實踐指南

作者：[美] Gene Kim

譯者：劉征

豆瓣評分：8.5

出版社：人民郵電出版社

出版年份：2018-4

頁數：328

內容簡介：

本書共分為6個部分：第一部分概述DevOps的歷史和三個基本原則，即「三步工作法」；第二部分介紹開啟DevOps轉型的過程；第三到五部分深入探討「三步工作法」的各個要素；第六部分關注如何將安全性和合規性正確集成到日常工作中。全書涵蓋40餘個DevOps案例，以谷歌、亞馬遜、Facebook等全球知名企業和組織的實際調查結果為依據，展示如何通過現代化的運維管理提升管理效率，進而為企業贏得更大市場、創造更多利潤。

作者簡介：

作者簡介：

Gene Kim

Tripwire創始人、前CTO，IT Revolution創始人，DevOps企業峰會主辦人，暢銷書《鳳凰項目》合著者。

Jez Humble

DevOps Research and Assessment公司CTO，加州大學伯克利分校信息學院講師；曾任ThoughtWorks首席顧問。《精益企業》和Jolt大獎圖書《持續交付》的合著者。

Patrick Debois

DevOps之父，致力於通過在開發、項目管理和系統管理之中應用敏捷技術來填補項目和運維之間的鴻溝。

John Willis

Chain Bridge System創始人，曾任Docker公司佈道師，現就職於SJ Technologies公司。

7. snaogene怎麼裁剪峰圖

三步。
首先，通過Open按鈕打開ab1文件，接下來，點擊Print按鈕或File或者Print（快捷鍵Ctrl+P），打開列印對話框，Printer，Name選AdobePDF，1.接著點擊Propeities按鈕，2.設置列印屬性。在布局選項卡將頁面的方向改為橫向。頁面大小為A4即可（注意也可以選A3或更大，使目標序列片段不出現中間換行，以便後期截取目標片段），其他選項默認。回到Print窗口，點擊OK按鈕，選擇導出PDF到桌面。

8. 哪裡有<分子克隆實驗指南 第3版>的電子版下載

記得在小木蟲見過，中文，PDF圖片格式的，上下冊一共270多兆。
kcno兄，你的英文版多大，可能的話給我一份，謝了
[email protected]

9. 加密PDF的問題

使用一個軟體，叫做Advanced PDF Password Recovery，去百都上搜索。。。不要找中文破解版的，因為大多數都是不能用或者未破解的，去找英文的破解版我現在就在用，很好用。（未破解版本的只能破解一頁pdf）還有別找4。0版本的沒，找不到破解的，去找1.0或2.0比較實際。

10. 《亞特蘭蒂斯：基因戰爭》pdf下載在線閱讀，求百度網盤雲資源

《亞特蘭蒂斯：基因戰爭》（[美] A.G.里德爾）電子書網盤下載免費在線閱讀

資源鏈接：

鏈接：https://pan..com/s/19B-fwSrLDZole14ZJSYkNg

書名：亞特蘭蒂斯：基因戰爭

作者：[美] A.G.里德爾

譯者：邢立達

豆瓣評分：7.4

出版社：四川文藝出版社

出版年份：2015-10

頁數：492

內容簡介：

兩千年來，一個古老的組織誓言保守人類起源的秘密，竭盡全力尋找一個自遠古時代便已存在的宿敵，這個龐大的威脅具有消滅人類族群的邪惡力量，而所有一切物種本質謎團的線索，都指向失落的神話之城亞特蘭蒂斯……

從事自閉症研究的遺傳學家凱特，無意中發現智人突變轉化的關鍵要素「亞特蘭蒂斯」，竟也是1918年殺死全球五千萬人超級傳染病西班牙流感的始作俑者，卻因此莫名遭到神秘組織伊麻里的追緝。

在地下反恐探員大衛的協助下，兩人發現伊麻里掌握人類自古至今的歷史進化秘密，與其背後的恐怖動機。原本互不信賴的凱特和大衛，必須在有限的時間內攜手合作，一起解決這樁危及全世界的跨國陰謀，而亘古以來關於人類進化的最大謎底也即將揭

作者簡介：

A.G.里德爾 A. G. Riddle

在美國的北卡羅來納州的一個小鎮長大，他曾花十年時間創辦並運營一家互聯網公司，後來才轉行干起了自己最熱愛的事情——寫作。目前他已經成為亞馬遜網站上科幻類圖書第二暢銷的作家，僅次於《冰與火之歌》的作者喬治·R·R·馬丁（George R.R. Martin）。

目前與妻子居住在佛羅里達州的帕克蘭，非常樂意收到讀者對自己作品的反饋。

官網：http://www.agriddle.com/Atlantis-Gene

【譯者簡介】

邢立達，青年古生物學者，科普作家。1982年生於廣東潮州，高中時期創建中國大陸首個恐龍網站。在加拿大阿爾伯塔大學取得古生物學碩士學位，師從著名古生物學家Philip J. Currie院士，目前在中國地質大學（北京）攻讀博士學位，已發表科研論文百餘篇。中國科普作家協會會員，出版過一批古生物科普書籍，並多次在CCTV各頻道為公眾介紹古生物知識。

何銳，科普寫手，兼職譯者。1976年生於江城，武漢大學博士，目前就職國企工程師。為雜志和網站撰寫過若干科普和科幻文章。