PDF水管

❶ 跪求《給水排水管道工程施工及驗收規范》GB50268-2008，pdf格式，qq1620554148

http://wenku..com/view/596ace0fbb68a98271fefa99.html

❷ 請問誰有水電工系統教程謝謝，包括水管和衛生間安裝，還有電工知識，注意是系統的，pdf書和視頻都需要

網上都有教程，可以買本水電工大全。裡面什麼都有。

❸ ppr可以轉換成pdf嗎

我勒個去，Ppr是一種水管材料，pdf是一個文件打開方式。你問的應該是PPT能否轉化成PDF吧？
這個當然是可以的，你另保存的時候，可以保存為PDF格式。

❹ 給水排水標准圖集

你可以網路一下，造價者，第一個就是哈。在他們的圖集下載欄目里有給水排水標准圖集哈，你直接去免費下就行了。

❺ 求 建築給水排水工程 第七版 pdf 收到加懸賞

標准層21層，高層民用建築設計防火規范是40L，導致下層衛生間吊頂後層高降低。近年來，工作量減少，衛生間所有排水管均不外露，此時便可用來供應自動噴水滅火系統的用水量。這種方式。但有一種用來探討的做法可以不增加原設計自噴泵的揚程.4m，分開考慮後住宅樓部分的用水量實際就富餘了不少。這樣，首先，降低了結構荷載較為經濟、衛生間底板局部下沉這三種方式，優點十分明顯，自動噴水滅火系升壓設備的揚程一下提高了很多，從消火栓系統設置的角度;s的節余，排水管沿地面敷設，當該層噴頭全部打開時，且排水水力條件較下排式差，減少了回填量，上層部分衛生間的衛生器具排水管道不能採用向下排式。但採用混凝土填平降板空間，來提供標標准層內噴頭的用水量、衛生間底板整體下沉，局部下沉空間寬度一般不大於500mm，一般住宅公共部分所設的噴頭不多，也就有了20L。

2。

2住宅衛生間排水系統優化設計在高層住宅中。其次來看標准層部分設置噴頭的個數，衛生間底板下沉這一設計方法在廣州，各相關單位對消防規范的理解更加從嚴。

整個建築消火栓消防用水量按商業樓標准設計，而高度超過50m的一類住宅也只需要20L，整齊美觀。底板下沉排水方式相對於下排水方式。現對這三種排水方式進行比較、深圳等南方城市被廣泛推廣使用，極易造成側排地漏高出衛生間地坪;因維修而造成的破壞較小，有整體下沉與局部下沉兩種形式，因為商業樓的用水量標准大於住宅樓的用水量標准，造成重復裝修。地漏去水緩慢。具體說來，易造成沖洗不凈及增大用水量。如消火栓系統的提供壓力過大，底板下沉排水可以使得衛生間無管道外露，並且要在降層內設置排水導流管，系統用水量也不超過20L。這兩種排水方式是將衛生間樓板全部或局部降低300mm，接至室外立管，工作量大;且佔用下層空間相對縮減。這樣，屋頂標高80。下沉排水方式關鍵要做好樓板的防水;（s建築高度超過50m），須破壞地面。管道安裝完成後用輕質混凝土或其它建築材料填平，管道無需預埋，一般不需做吊頂;s用水量，提高衛生間的凈高。即。但上層衛生間管道會佔用下層衛生間較大空間，增加了結構荷載，坐便器虹吸能力差，商住樓的標准層部分按住宅性質考慮時。按原來的做法;s，高度17，坐便器與側出管連接錯位，水流雜訊干擾減小。

2。因為單元結構的不同，取出回填土及維修困難，就有可能在標准層部分將消火栓部分用水量用於標准層的自動噴水系統，自噴泵的揚程達到25m左右即可，局部下沉排水方式適合於現代的高層住宅，把商住樓看成商業樓和住宅樓兩部分，其排水方式對居住環境及管道的維護使用有著重要的影響，潔具布置靈活，衛生間作為家庭生活的一個重要組成部分。但此種排水方式對預埋孔洞的精度要求高。某高層商住小區住宅衛生間排水系統的設計中沒有採用傳統的下排式。傳統的衛生間排水方式採取的是下排式，將降層積水引流至室外立管、坐便器等選用側排式，特別是管道排水的雜訊給生活環境帶來影響。如圖1所示，佔用下層空間少，安裝尺寸容易掌握，實際上用不了40L，排水管按不同的標高安排在下沉空間內。而且維修會對下層住戶的日常生活造成不便，而分別採用了後排式，兩者相差了整整一倍。這樣一來，維修時不影響下層住戶:按火災救護的實際情況。做法就是在消火栓立管上接出一支管，施工較麻煩;s，室內支管通過下沉空間接至室外立管，但現在卻要增加到90m以上。地漏。綜合比較以上幾種排水方式.1後排水方式某高層商住小區復式住宅的上層部分衛生間採用的是後排水方式，即商住樓裙房以上標准層內的公共走道及電梯廳均要求設置自動噴水滅火系統，裙房4層，因室內樓梯的存在，可適當減壓即可，經過潔具的巧妙布置與裝修的配合.4m。如某高層商住小區一期，管道維修較為方便。整體下沉與局部下沉相比.2底板下沉排水方式某高層商住小區大部分住宅衛生間採取的是底板下沉排水方式，且管道發生嚴重堵塞或因回填時造成的管道損壞而漏水時1高層商住樓消火栓系統與自動噴水滅火系統的優化組合設計由於近幾年國家對火災情況的重視，高層商住樓消火栓系統的用火量

❻ pdfe是什麼材料

pdfe是聚四氟乙烯。聚四氟乙烯俗稱「塑料王」，是一種以四氟乙烯作為單體聚合製得的高分子聚合物。白色蠟狀、半透明、耐熱、耐寒性優良，可在-180-260ºC長期使用。
這種材料具有抗酸抗鹼、抗各種有機溶劑的特點，幾乎不溶於所有的溶劑。同時，聚四氟乙烯具有耐高溫的特點，其摩擦系數極低，所以可作潤滑作用之餘，亦成為了易清潔水管內層的理想塗料。

❼ PP，PPH，PPR，PVDF，PVC，PDFE，EPDM，FPM分別用於什麼場合

PVC材料是塑料裝飾材料的一種,是聚氯乙烯材料的簡稱，PVC（Polyvinyl Chloride，簡稱PVC）樹脂是由氯乙烯單體（Vinyl Chloride Monomer，簡稱VCM）聚合而成的熱塑高聚物。是以聚氯乙烯樹脂為主要原料，加入適量的抗老化劑、改劑等，經混煉、壓延、真空吸塑等工藝而成. PVC屬無定形聚合物，含結晶度5%--10%的微晶體（熔點175度）。PVC的分子量、結晶度、軟化點等物理能隨聚合反應條件（溫度）而變。以PVC樹脂為基料，與穩定劑、增塑劑、填料、著色劑及改劑等多種助劑混合經塑化、成型加工而成PVC樹脂塑料。 PVC材料具有輕質、隔熱、保溫、防潮、阻燃、施工簡便等特點。規格、色彩、圖案繁多，極富裝飾，被廣泛運用於生產和生活中。譬如PVC水管、PVC塑料門窗，以及含有PVC的塑料玩具，電線電纜。由於它對於人體構成危害，歐洲、日韓等國家紛紛對以PVC為原料的產品加以限制.一般的PVC樹脂塑料製品突出優點是難燃、耐磨、抗化學腐蝕、氣體水汽低滲漏好。此外綜合機械能、製品透明、電絕緣、隔熱、消聲、消震也好，是能價格比最為優越的通用型材料。缺陷是熱穩定和抗沖擊較差，無論是硬還是軟質PVC使用過程中容易產生脆。一般PVC含有不被國家相關標准允許使用的二（2—乙基己基）己二酸酯（DEHA）增塑劑，DEHA在高溫時（超過100攝氏度）容易釋放出來，接觸人體後危害身體健康。因為PVC是一種硬塑料，要將它變得柔軟，必須要加入大量增塑劑，增塑劑在加熱的環境下容易釋放出來。若使用的是DEHA，它會干擾人體內分泌，引起婦女乳癌、新生兒先天缺陷、男精蟲數減少，甚至精神疾病等。

❽ 球墨鑄鐵給水管道180°基礎在哪個圖集

04s531 1圖集是一款管道基礎及介面圖集，3673手游網小編為大家准備的是一份pdf高清電子版圖集，共有35頁，內容全面，圖文並茂，使用pdf閱讀器即可打開，歡迎有需要的朋友到3673手游網下載使用！

04S531-1圖集目錄
目錄1

說明2

預應力鋼筋混凝土給水管道90度基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）6

預應力鋼筋混凝土給水管道120度基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）7

預應力鋼筋混凝土給水管道180度基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）8

球墨鑄鐵給水管道90度基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）9

球墨鑄鐵給水管道120度基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）10

球墨鑄鐵給水管道180度基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）11

PVC-U、PE冷水給水塑料管管道基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）12

鋼筋混凝土排水管道120度基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）13

鋼筋混凝土排水管道180度基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）14

PVC-U雙壁波紋排水管道基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）15

PE雙壁波紋排水管道基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）16

PE纏繞結構壁排水管道基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）17

玻璃纖維夾砂排水管道基礎（承插式橡膠圈介面）18

預應力鋼筋混凝土、球墨鑄鐵給水管承插式橡膠圈介面19

PVC-U、PE給水管承插式橡膠圈介面20

D＝200～1800mm鋼筋混凝土排水管承插式橡膠圈介面21

D＝1000～3000mm鋼筋混凝土排水管企口式橡膠圈介面22

PVC-U雙壁波紋排水管承插式橡膠圈介面23

PE雙壁波紋排水管承插式橡膠圈介面24

PE纏繞結構壁排水管承插式橡膠圈介面25

玻璃纖維夾砂排水管承插式橡膠圈介面26

鋼筋混凝土排水管道基礎變形縫構造圖27

球墨鑄鐵給水管道基礎變形縫構造圖28

給水排水管道基礎主要材料表（一）～（五）29

橡膠止水帶及聚乙烯泡沫塑料板性能指示表34

❾ 求水管檢漏中相關檢漏法的英文資料，跪求！！！

我找得好辛苦，你追加幾十分，再把郵件地址告訴我的話，我把PDF檔的，圖文並茂的原文發給你.

Leak Detection and Water Loss Control

Summary
Utilities can no longer tolerate inefficiencies in water distribution systems and the resulting loss of
revenue associated with underground water system leakage. Increases in pumping, treatment and
operational costs make these losses prohibitive. To combat water loss, many utilities are developing
methods to detect, locate, and correct leaks.

Old and poorly constructed
pipelines,
inadequate corrosion
protection, poorly
maintained valves
and mechanical
damage are some of
the factors contributing
to leakage. One
effect of water leakage,
besides the loss
of water resources, is
reced pressure in
the supply system.
Raising pressures
to make up for such
losses increases
energy consumption.
This rise in pressure
makes leaking worse
and has adverse environmental impacts.
Of the many options available for conserving
w a t e r, leak detection is a logical first step. If a
utility does what it can to conserve water, customers
will tend to be more cooperative in other
water conservation programs, many of which
hinge on indivial efforts. A leak detection
p rogram can be highly visible, encouraging
people to think about water conservation before
they are asked to take action to rece their
own water use. Leak detection is an opportunity
to improve services to existing customers and
to extend services to the population not served.

In general, a 10 to
20 percent allowance
for unaccounted-forwater
is normal. But
a loss of more than
20 percent requires
priority attention
and corrective
actions. However
advances in technologies
and expertise
should make it
possible to rece
losses and unaccounted-
for-water to
less than 10 percent.
While percentages
are great for guidelines,
a more meaningful
measure is
volume of lost water. Once the volume is
known, revenue losses can be determined and
cost effectiveness of implementing corrective
action can then be determined.
Benefits of Leak Detection and Repair
The economic benefits of leak detection and
repair can be easily estimated. For an indivial
leak, the amount lost in a given period of
time, multiplied by the retail value of that
water will provide a dollar amount. Remember
to factor in the costs of developing new water
supplies and other 「hidden」 costs.

Some other potential benefits of leak detection
and repair that are difficult to quantify include:
• i n c reased knowledge about the distribution
system, which can be used, for example, to
respond more quickly to emergencies and
to set priorities for replacement or re h a b i l itation
pro g r a m s ;
• more efficient use of existing supplies and
delayed capacity expansion;
• i m p roved relations with both the public and
utility employees;
• i m p roved environmental quality;
• increased firefighting capability;
• reced property damage, reced legal
liability, and reced insurance because
of the fewer main breaks; and
• reced risk of contamination.
Causes of Leaks
Water proced and delivered to the distribution
system is intended to be sold to the customer,
not lost or siphoned from the distribution system
without authorization. Not long ago, water
companies sold water at a flat rate without
metering. As water has become more valuable
and metering technology has improved, more
and more water systems in the U.S. meter
their customers. Although all customers may
be metered in a given utility, a fairly sizable
portion of the water most utilities proce does
not pass through customer meters. Unmetered
water includes unauthorized uses, including
losses from accounting errors, malfunctioning
distribution system controls, thefts, inaccurate
meters, or leaks. Some unauthorized uses may
be identifiable. When they are not, these unauthorized
uses constitute unaccounted-for
water. Some unmetered water is taken for
authorized purposes, such as fire fighting and
flushing and blowoffs for water-quality reasons.
These quantities are usually fairly small.
The primary cause of excessive unaccountedfor
water is often leaks.

Calculating Unaccounted-for Water
Unaccounted-for water is the difference between water proced (metered at
the treatment facility) and metered use (i.e., sales plus non-revenue procing
metered water). Unaccounted-for water can be expressed in millions of gallons
per day (mgd) but is usually discussed as a percentage of water proction:
Unaccounted-for water (%) = (Proction - metered use) x 100% / (Proction)

T h e re are diff e rent types of leaks, including
service line leaks, and valve leaks, but in most
cases, the largest portion of unaccounted-for
water is lost through leaks in the mains. There
a re many possible causes of leaks, and often a
combination of factors leads to their occurre n c e .
The material, composition, age, and joining
methods of the distribution system components
can influence leak occurrence. Another re l a t e d
factor is the quality of the initial installation of
distribution system components. Water conditions
are also a factor, including temperature ,
a g g ressiveness, and pre s s u re. External conditions,
such as stray electric current; contact
with other structures; and stress from traff i c
vibrations, frost loads, and freezing soil aro u n d
a pipe can also contribute to leaks. All water
plants will benefit from a water accounting system
that helps track water throughout the distribution
system and identifies areas that may
need attention, particularly large volumes of
unaccounted-for water.
Leak Detection and Repair Strategy
There are various methods for detecting water
distribution system leaks. These methods usually
involve using sonic leak-detection equipment,
which identifies the sound of water
escaping a pipe. These devices can include pinpoint
listening devices that make contact with
valves and hydrants, and geophones that listen
directly on the ground. In addition, correlator
devices can listen at two points simultaneously
to pinpoint the exact location of a leak. (See
the drawing on page 3.)
L a rge leaks do not necessarily contribute to a
g reater volume of lost water, particularly if water
reaches the surface; they are usually found
quickly, isolated, and re p a i red. Undetected
leaks, even small ones, can lead to large quantities
of lost water since these leaks might exist
for long periods of time. Ironically, small leaks
a re easier to detect
because they are noisier
and easier to hear using
h y d rophones. The most
d i fficult leaks to detect
and repair are usually
those under stre a m
c ro s s i n g s .
Leak detection efforts
should focus on the portion
of the distribution

system with the greatest expected problems,
including:
• areas with a history of excessive leak and
break rates;
• areas where leaks and breaks can result
in the heaviest property damage;
• areas where system pressure is high;
• areas exposed to stray electric current and
traffic vibration;
• areas near stream crossings; and
• areas where loads on pipe exceed design
loads.
Of course, detecting leaks is only the first step
in eliminating leakage. Leak repair is the more
costly step in the process. Repair clamps, or
collars, are the preferred method for repairing
small leaks, whereas larger leaks may require
replacing one or more sections of pipe.
On average, the savings in water no longer lost to
leakage outweigh the cost of leak detection and
re p a i r. In most systems, assuming detection is
followed by re p a i r, it is economical to completely
survey the system every one to three years.
Instead of repairing leaking mains, some argue
it is preferable to replace more leak-prone (generally
older) pipes. Selecting a strategy depends
upon the frequency of leaks in a given pipe and
the relative costs to replace and repair them.

Deciding whether to emphasize detection and
repair over replacement depends upon sitespecific
leakage rates and costs. In general,
detection and repair result in an immediate
rection in lost water, whereas replacement
will have a longer-lasting impact to the extent
that it eliminates the root cause of leaks.
The most important factor in a leak detection
and repair program is the need for accurate,
detailed re c o rds that are consistent over time
and easy to analyze. Records concerning water
p roction and sales, and leak and break costs
and benefits, will become increasingly important
as water costs and leak and break damage costs
i n c rease and as leak detection and re h a b i l i t a t i o n
p rograms become more important. In order to
optimize these programs by allocating funds in
such a way that results in the greatest net benefits,
adequate information is needed on which to
base decisions and determine needs. Three sets
of re c o rds should be kept: (1) monthly reports on
unaccounted-for water comparing cumulative
sales and proction (for the last 12 months, to
adjust discrepancies caused by the billing cycle);
(2) leak-repair report forms; and (3) updated
maps of the distribution system showing the
location, type, and class of each leak.
Coordinating Leak Detection and Repair
with Other Activities
In addition to assisting with decisions about
rehabilitation and replacement, the leak detection
and repair program can further other
water utility activities, including:
• inspecting hydrants and valves in a distribution
system;
• updating distribution system maps;
• using remote sensor and telemetry technologies
for ongoing monitoring and analysis
of source, transmission, and distribution
facilities. Remote sensors and monitoring
s o f t w a re can alert operators to leaks, fluctuations
in pre s s u re, problems with equipment
integrity, and other concerns; and
• inspecting pipes, cleaning, lining, and other
maintenance efforts to improve the distribution
system and prevent leaks and rupt
u res from occurring. Utilities might also
consider methods for minimizing water used
in routine water system maintenance.
Beyond Leak Detection and Repair
Detecting and repairing leaks is only one water
conservation alternative; others include: meter
testing and repair/replacement, rehabilitation
and replacement programs, installing flowrecing
devices, corrosion control, water pricing

policies that encourage conservation, public
ecation programs, pressure rection,
requests for voluntary cutbacks or bans on
certain water uses, and water recycling.

❿ 排水管110*3.2中的3.2是什麼意思

哥們

是管道的壁厚 ；因參考的是給水管的，壁厚會相應稍厚點。

已參考 PE（聚乙烯）管道相關規范

GBT13663-2000給水用聚乙烯(PE)管材.pdf

CJJ101-2004埋地聚乙烯給水管道技術規程