『壹』 md5加密後的數據
用MD5爆力破解程序,大概要一個月的時間,運氣好一個星期也許可以.前些日子召開的國際密碼學年會(Crypto 2004)上,來自中國山東大學王小雲教授的一篇關於"破譯MD5、HAVAL-128、MD4以及RIPEMD-128演算法"的報告引起了轟動,報告中提到的新破譯方法幾乎標志著世界通信密碼標准——MD5堡壘的轟然倒塌。一石激起千層浪,此前一直負責公開徵集針對MD5的攻擊而設立的權威站點http�//www.md5crk.com/宣布"由於MD5破譯獲得突破性進展,MD5破解項目(MD5CRK Project)即日停止",並開始提供該站點以往技術資料的下載,預計該站點也將在不久的將來完全關閉。面對MD5被破譯,有人一聲嘆息,有人覺得不可思議,更有人憂慮甚至恐慌......那麼究竟MD5有什麼來頭?它被破譯是否意味著"地球將不再旋轉"?誰將成為它的繼承者?請看——
一、MD5是何方神聖?
所謂MD5,即"Message-Digest Algorithm 5(信息-摘要演算法)",它由MD2、MD3、MD4發展而來的一種單向函數演算法(也就是HASH演算法),它是國際著名的公鑰加密演算法標准RSA的第一設計者R.Rivest於上個世紀90年代初開發出來的。MD5的最大作用在於,將不同格式的大容量文件信息在用數字簽名軟體來簽署私人密鑰前"壓縮"成一種保密的格式,關鍵之處在於——這種"壓縮"是不可逆的。
為了讓讀者朋友對MD5的應用有個直觀的認識,筆者以一個比方和一個實例來簡要描述一下其工作過程:
大家都知道,地球上任何人都有自己獨一無二的指紋,這常常成為公安機關鑒別罪犯身份最值得信賴的方法;與之類似,MD5就可以為任何文件(不管其大小、格式、數量)產生一個同樣獨一無二的"數字指紋",如果任何人對文件做了任何改動,其MD5值也就是對應的"數字指紋"都會發生變化。
我們常常在某些軟體下載站點的某軟體信息中看到其MD5值,它的作用就在於我們可以在下載該軟體後,對下載回來的文件用專門的軟體(如Windows MD5 Check等)做一次MD5校驗,以確保我們獲得的文件與該站點提供的文件為同一文件。利用MD5演算法來進行文件校驗的方案被大量應用到軟體下載站、論壇資料庫、系統文件安全等方面。
筆者上面提到的例子只是MD5的一個基本應用,實際上MD5還被用於加密解密技術上,如Unix、各類BSD系統登錄密碼(在MD5誕生前採用的是DES加密演算法,後因MD5安全性更高,DES被淘汰)、通信信息加密(如大家熟悉的即時通信軟體MyIM)、數字簽名等諸多方面。
二、MD5的消亡之路
實際上,從MD5誕生之日起,來自美國名為Van Oorschot和Wiener的兩位密碼學專家就發現了一個暴力搜尋沖突的函數,並預算出"使用一個專門用來搜索MD5沖突的機器可以平均每24天就找到一個沖突"。不過由於該方案僅僅從理論上證明了MD5的不安全性,且實現的代價及其誇張(當時要製造這種專門的計算機,成本需要100萬美元),於是MD5自其誕生十多年來一直未有新版本或者被其它演算法徹底取代。
在接下來的日子裡,有關MD5的破譯又誕生了"野蠻攻擊",也就是用"窮舉法"從所有可能產生的結果中找到被MD5加密的原始明文,不過由於MD5採用128位加密方法,即使一台機器每秒嘗試10億條明文,那麼要破譯出原始明文大概需要10的22次方年,而一款名為"MD5爆破工具"的軟體,每秒進行的運算僅僅為2萬次!
經過無數MD5演算法研究專家的努力,先後又誕生了"生日攻擊"、"微分攻擊"等多種破譯方法(相關信息大家可以參考研究成果,大大推進了md5演算法消亡的進程。盡管在研究報告中並沒有提及具體的實現方法,我們可以認為,md5被徹底攻破已經掃除了技術上的障礙,剩下的僅僅是時間和精力上的問題。/" target=_blank>http://www.md5crk.com)。此次山東大學幾位教授的最新研究成果,大大推進了MD5演算法消亡的進程。盡管在研究報告中並沒有提及具體的實現方法,我們可以認為,MD5被徹底攻破已經掃除了技術上的障礙,剩下的僅僅是時間和精力上的問題。
『貳』 md5加密以後的字元串長度
加密後為128位(bit),按照16進制(4位一個16進制數)編碼後,就成了32個字元。MD5並不是加密演算法,而是摘要演算法。加密演算法是可逆的,摘要演算法是理專論上不可逆的,詳細步驟:
1、md5演算法主要應用在密碼領域,為了防止明文傳輸密碼的危險性,一般會用密碼的md5值來代替密碼本身。
『叄』 MD5如何加密可不可以還原加密
md5加密單元。存成一個asp文件,並在要使用加密的aps文件中加入對該文件的引用
調用方法
密文=md5(明文)
md5 加密後不可還原,可採用比對法進行驗證
<%
Private Const BITS_TO_A_BYTE = 8
Private Const BYTES_TO_A_WORD = 4
Private Const BITS_TO_A_WORD = 32
Private m_lOnBits(30)
Private m_l2Power(30)
Private Function LShift(lValue, iShiftBits)
If iShiftBits = 0 Then
LShift = lValue
Exit Function
ElseIf iShiftBits = 31 Then
If lValue And 1 Then
LShift = &H80000000
Else
LShift = 0
End If
Exit Function
ElseIf iShiftBits < 0 Or iShiftBits > 31 Then
Err.Raise 6
End If
If (lValue And m_l2Power(31 - iShiftBits)) Then
LShift = ((lValue And m_lOnBits(31 - (iShiftBits + 1))) * m_l2Power(iShiftBits)) Or &H80000000
Else
LShift = ((lValue And m_lOnBits(31 - iShiftBits)) * m_l2Power(iShiftBits))
End If
End Function
Private Function RShift(lValue, iShiftBits)
If iShiftBits = 0 Then
RShift = lValue
Exit Function
ElseIf iShiftBits = 31 Then
If lValue And &H80000000 Then
RShift = 1
Else
RShift = 0
End If
Exit Function
ElseIf iShiftBits < 0 Or iShiftBits > 31 Then
Err.Raise 6
End If
RShift = (lValue And &H7FFFFFFE) \ m_l2Power(iShiftBits)
If (lValue And &H80000000) Then
RShift = (RShift Or (&H40000000 \ m_l2Power(iShiftBits - 1)))
End If
End Function
Private Function RotateLeft(lValue, iShiftBits)
RotateLeft = LShift(lValue, iShiftBits) Or RShift(lValue, (32 - iShiftBits))
End Function
Private Function AddUnsigned(lX, lY)
Dim lX4
Dim lY4
Dim lX8
Dim lY8
Dim lResult
lX8 = lX And &H80000000
lY8 = lY And &H80000000
lX4 = lX And &H40000000
lY4 = lY And &H40000000
lResult = (lX And &H3FFFFFFF) + (lY And &H3FFFFFFF)
If lX4 And lY4 Then
lResult = lResult Xor &H80000000 Xor lX8 Xor lY8
ElseIf lX4 Or lY4 Then
If lResult And &H40000000 Then
lResult = lResult Xor &HC0000000 Xor lX8 Xor lY8
Else
lResult = lResult Xor &H40000000 Xor lX8 Xor lY8
End If
Else
lResult = lResult Xor lX8 Xor lY8
End If
AddUnsigned = lResult
End Function
Private Function md5_F(x, y, z)
md5_F = (x And y) Or ((Not x) And z)
End Function
Private Function md5_G(x, y, z)
md5_G = (x And z) Or (y And (Not z))
End Function
Private Function md5_H(x, y, z)
md5_H = (x Xor y Xor z)
End Function
Private Function md5_I(x, y, z)
md5_I = (y Xor (x Or (Not z)))
End Function
Private Sub md5_FF(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac)
a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_F(b, c, d), x), ac))
a = RotateLeft(a, s)
a = AddUnsigned(a, b)
End Sub
Private Sub md5_GG(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac)
a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_G(b, c, d), x), ac))
a = RotateLeft(a, s)
a = AddUnsigned(a, b)
End Sub
Private Sub md5_HH(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac)
a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_H(b, c, d), x), ac))
a = RotateLeft(a, s)
a = AddUnsigned(a, b)
End Sub
Private Sub md5_II(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac)
a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_I(b, c, d), x), ac))
a = RotateLeft(a, s)
a = AddUnsigned(a, b)
End Sub
Private Function ConvertToWordArray(sMessage)
Dim lMessageLength
Dim lNumberOfWords
Dim lWordArray()
Dim lBytePosition
Dim lByteCount
Dim lWordCount
Const MODULUS_BITS = 512
Const CONGRUENT_BITS = 448
lMessageLength = Len(sMessage)
lNumberOfWords = (((lMessageLength + ((MODULUS_BITS - CONGRUENT_BITS) \ BITS_TO_A_BYTE)) \ (MODULUS_BITS \ BITS_TO_A_BYTE)) + 1) * (MODULUS_BITS \ BITS_TO_A_WORD)
ReDim lWordArray(lNumberOfWords - 1)
lBytePosition = 0
lByteCount = 0
Do Until lByteCount >= lMessageLength
lWordCount = lByteCount \ BYTES_TO_A_WORD
lBytePosition = (lByteCount Mod BYTES_TO_A_WORD) * BITS_TO_A_BYTE
lWordArray(lWordCount) = lWordArray(lWordCount) Or LShift(Asc(Mid(sMessage, lByteCount + 1, 1)), lBytePosition)
lByteCount = lByteCount + 1
Loop
lWordCount = lByteCount \ BYTES_TO_A_WORD
lBytePosition = (lByteCount Mod BYTES_TO_A_WORD) * BITS_TO_A_BYTE
lWordArray(lWordCount) = lWordArray(lWordCount) Or LShift(&H80, lBytePosition)
lWordArray(lNumberOfWords - 2) = LShift(lMessageLength, 3)
lWordArray(lNumberOfWords - 1) = RShift(lMessageLength, 29)
ConvertToWordArray = lWordArray
End Function
Private Function WordToHex(lValue)
Dim lByte
Dim lCount
For lCount = 0 To 3
lByte = RShift(lValue, lCount * BITS_TO_A_BYTE) And m_lOnBits(BITS_TO_A_BYTE - 1)
WordToHex = WordToHex & Right("0" & Hex(lByte), 2)
Next
End Function
Public Function MD5(sMessage)
m_lOnBits(0) = CLng(1)
m_lOnBits(1) = CLng(3)
m_lOnBits(2) = CLng(7)
m_lOnBits(3) = CLng(15)
m_lOnBits(4) = CLng(31)
m_lOnBits(5) = CLng(63)
m_lOnBits(6) = CLng(127)
m_lOnBits(7) = CLng(255)
m_lOnBits(8) = CLng(511)
m_lOnBits(9) = CLng(1023)
m_lOnBits(10) = CLng(2047)
m_lOnBits(11) = CLng(4095)
m_lOnBits(12) = CLng(8191)
m_lOnBits(13) = CLng(16383)
m_lOnBits(14) = CLng(32767)
m_lOnBits(15) = CLng(65535)
m_lOnBits(16) = CLng(131071)
m_lOnBits(17) = CLng(262143)
m_lOnBits(18) = CLng(524287)
m_lOnBits(19) = CLng(1048575)
m_lOnBits(20) = CLng(2097151)
m_lOnBits(21) = CLng(4194303)
m_lOnBits(22) = CLng(8388607)
m_lOnBits(23) = CLng(16777215)
m_lOnBits(24) = CLng(33554431)
m_lOnBits(25) = CLng(67108863)
m_lOnBits(26) = CLng(134217727)
m_lOnBits(27) = CLng(268435455)
m_lOnBits(28) = CLng(536870911)
m_lOnBits(29) = CLng(1073741823)
m_lOnBits(30) = CLng(2147483647)
m_l2Power(0) = CLng(1)
m_l2Power(1) = CLng(2)
m_l2Power(2) = CLng(4)
m_l2Power(3) = CLng(8)
m_l2Power(4) = CLng(16)
m_l2Power(5) = CLng(32)
m_l2Power(6) = CLng(64)
m_l2Power(7) = CLng(128)
m_l2Power(8) = CLng(256)
m_l2Power(9) = CLng(512)
m_l2Power(10) = CLng(1024)
m_l2Power(11) = CLng(2048)
m_l2Power(12) = CLng(4096)
m_l2Power(13) = CLng(8192)
m_l2Power(14) = CLng(16384)
m_l2Power(15) = CLng(32768)
m_l2Power(16) = CLng(65536)
m_l2Power(17) = CLng(131072)
m_l2Power(18) = CLng(262144)
m_l2Power(19) = CLng(524288)
m_l2Power(20) = CLng(1048576)
m_l2Power(21) = CLng(2097152)
m_l2Power(22) = CLng(4194304)
m_l2Power(23) = CLng(8388608)
m_l2Power(24) = CLng(16777216)
m_l2Power(25) = CLng(33554432)
m_l2Power(26) = CLng(67108864)
m_l2Power(27) = CLng(134217728)
m_l2Power(28) = CLng(268435456)
m_l2Power(29) = CLng(536870912)
m_l2Power(30) = CLng(1073741824)
Dim x
Dim k
Dim AA
Dim BB
Dim CC
Dim DD
Dim a
Dim b
Dim c
Dim d
Const S11 = 7
Const S12 = 12
Const S13 = 17
Const S14 = 22
Const S21 = 5
Const S22 = 9
Const S23 = 14
Const S24 = 20
Const S31 = 4
Const S32 = 11
Const S33 = 16
Const S34 = 23
Const S41 = 6
Const S42 = 10
Const S43 = 15
Const S44 = 21
x = ConvertToWordArray(sMessage)
a = &H67452301
b = &HEFCDAB89
c = &H98BADCFE
d = &H10325476
For k = 0 To UBound(x) Step 16
AA = a
BB = b
CC = c
DD = d
md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 0), S11, &HD76AA478
md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 1), S12, &HE8C7B756
md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 2), S13, &H242070DB
md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 3), S14, &HC1BDCEEE
md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 4), S11, &HF57C0FAF
md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 5), S12, &H4787C62A
md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 6), S13, &HA8304613
md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 7), S14, &HFD469501
md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 8), S11, &H698098D8
md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 9), S12, &H8B44F7AF
md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 10), S13, &HFFFF5BB1
md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 11), S14, &H895CD7BE
md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 12), S11, &H6B901122
md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 13), S12, &HFD987193
md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 14), S13, &HA679438E
md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 15), S14, &H49B40821
md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 1), S21, &HF61E2562
md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 6), S22, &HC040B340
md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 11), S23, &H265E5A51
md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 0), S24, &HE9B6C7AA
md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 5), S21, &HD62F105D
md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 10), S22, &H2441453
md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 15), S23, &HD8A1E681
md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 4), S24, &HE7D3FBC8
md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 9), S21, &H21E1CDE6
md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 14), S22, &HC33707D6
md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 3), S23, &HF4D50D87
md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 8), S24, &H455A14ED
md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 13), S21, &HA9E3E905
md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 2), S22, &HFCEFA3F8
md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 7), S23, &H676F02D9
md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 12), S24, &H8D2A4C8A
md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 5), S31, &HFFFA3942
md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 8), S32, &H8771F681
md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 11), S33, &H6D9D6122
md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 14), S34, &HFDE5380C
md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 1), S31, &HA4BEEA44
md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 4), S32, &H4BDECFA9
md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 7), S33, &HF6BB4B60
md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 10), S34, &HBEBFBC70
md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 13), S31, &H289B7EC6
md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 0), S32, &HEAA127FA
md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 3), S33, &HD4EF3085
md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 6), S34, &H4881D05
md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 9), S31, &HD9D4D039
md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 12), S32, &HE6DB99E5
md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 15), S33, &H1FA27CF8
md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 2), S34, &HC4AC5665
md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 0), S41, &HF4292244
md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 7), S42, &H432AFF97
md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 14), S43, &HAB9423A7
md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 5), S44, &HFC93A039
md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 12), S41, &H655B59C3
md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 3), S42, &H8F0CCC92
md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 10), S43, &HFFEFF47D
md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 1), S44, &H85845DD1
md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 8), S41, &H6FA87E4F
md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 15), S42, &HFE2CE6E0
md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 6), S43, &HA3014314
md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 13), S44, &H4E0811A1
md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 4), S41, &HF7537E82
md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 11), S42, &HBD3AF235
md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 2), S43, &H2AD7D2BB
md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 9), S44, &HEB86D391
a = AddUnsigned(a, AA)
b = AddUnsigned(b, BB)
c = AddUnsigned(c, CC)
d = AddUnsigned(d, DD)
Next
'MD5 = LCase(WordToHex(a) & WordToHex(b) & WordToHex(c) & WordToHex(d))
MD5=LCase(WordToHex(b) & WordToHex(c)) 'I crop this to fit 16byte database password :D
End Function
%>
『肆』 用MD5對同一個字元串加密後為什麼輸出不一樣
那後面的符號好像是對象地址值,你把那兩行列印換成這個看看
System.out.println
(new
String(bytes));
System.out.println
(new
String(bytes2));