① 求助如何找到關於單片機的外文文獻翻譯，用於畢業設計
Getting Started with µVision2
The Keil Software 8051 development tools listed below are programs you use to compile your C code, assemble your assembly source files, link and locate object moles and libraries, create HEX files, and debug your target program.
µVision2 for Windows™ is an Integrated Development Environment that combines project management, source code editing, and program debugging in one single, powerful environment.
The C51 ANSI Optimizing C Cross Compiler creates relocatable object moles from your C source code.
The A51 Macro Assembler creates relocatable object moles from your 8051 assembly source code.
The BL51 Linker/Locator combines relocatable object moles created by the C51 Compiler and the A51 Assembler into absolute object moles.
The LIB51 Library Manager combines object moles into libraries that may be used by the linker.
The OH51 Object-HEX Converter creates Intel HEX files from absolute object moles.
The RTX-51 Real-time Operating System simplifies the design of complex, time-critical software projects.
Software Development Cycle
When you use the Keil Software tools, the project development cycle is roughly the same as it is for any other software development project.
1. Create a project, select the target chip from the device database, and configure the tool settings.
2. Create source files in C or assembly.
3. Build your application with the project manager.
4. Correct errors in source files.
5. Test the linked application.
µVision2 IDE
The µVision2 IDE combines project management, a rich-featured editor with interactive error correction, option setup, make facility, and on-line help. Use µVision2 to create your source files and organize them into a project that defines your target application. µVision2 automatically compiles, assembles, and links your embedded application and provides a single focal point for your development efforts.
LIB51 Library Manager
The LIB51 library manager allows you to create object library from the object files created by the compiler and assembler. Libraries are specially formatted, ordered program collections of object moles that may be used by the linker at a later time. When the linker processes a library, only those object moles in the library that are necessary to create the program are used.
BL51 Linker/Locator
The BL51 linker creates an absolute object mole using the object moles extracted from libraries and those created by the compiler and assembler. An absolute object file or mole contains no relocatable code or data. All code and data reside at fixed memory locations. The absolute object file may be used:
To program an EPROM or other memory devices,
With the µVision2 Debugger for simulation and target debugging,
With an in-circuit emulator for the program testing.
µVision2 Debugger
The µVision2 symbolic, source-level debugger is ideally suited for fast, reliable program debugging. The debugger includes a high-speed simulator that let you simulate an entire 8051 system including on-chip peripherals and external hardware. The attributes of the chip you use are automatically configured when you select the device from the Device Database.
The µVision2 Debugger provides several ways for you to test your programs on
real target hardware:
Install the MON51 Target Monitor on your target system and download your program using the Monitor-51 interface built-in to the µVision2 Debugger.
Use the Advanced GDI interface to attach use the µVision2 Debugger front end with your target system.
Monitor-51
The µVision2 Debugger supports target debugging using Monitor-51. The monitor program resides in the memory of your target hardware and communicates with the µVision2 Debugger using the serial port of the 8051 and a COM port of your PC. With Monitor-51, µVision2 lets you perform source-level, symbolic debugging on your target hardware.
RTX51 Real-Time Operating System
The RTX51 real-time operating system is a multitasking kernel for the 8051 microcontroller family. The RTX51 real-time kernel simplifies the system design, programming, and debugging of complex applications where fast reaction to time critical events is essential. The kernel is fully integrated into the C51 Compiler and is easy to use. Task description tables and operating system consistency are automatically controlled by the BL51 linker/locator.
C51 Optimizing C Cross Compiler
The Keil C51 Cross Compiler is an ANSI C Compiler that was written
specifically to generate fast, compact code for the 8051 microcontroller family.
The C51 Compiler generates object code that matches the efficiency and speed
of assembly programming.
Using a high-level language like C has many advantages over assembly language
programming:
Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required. Rudimentary knowledge of the memory structure of the 8051 CPU is desirable (but not necessary).
Details like register allocation and addressing of the various memory types and data types is managed by the compiler.
Programs get a formal structure (which is imposed by the C programming language) and can be divided into separate functions. This contributes to source code reusability as well as better overall application structure.
The ability to combine variable selection with specific operations improves program readability.
Keywords and operational functions that more nearly resemble the human thought process may be used.
Programming and program test time is drastically reced.
The C run-time library contains many standard routines such as: formatted output, numeric conversions, and floating-point arithmetic.
Existing program parts can be more easily included into new programs because of molar program construction techniques.
The language C is a very portable language (based on the ANSI standard) that enjoys wide popular support and is easily obtained for most systems.
Existing program investments can be quickly adapted to other processors as needed.
Code Optimizations
The C51 Compiler is an aggressive optimizing compiler that takes numerous steps to ensure that the code generated and output to the object file is the most efficient (smallest and/or fastest) code possible. The compiler analyzes the generated code to proce the most efficient instruction sequences. This ensures that your C program runs as quickly and effectively as possible in the least amount of code space.
The C51 Compiler provides nine different levels of optimizing. Each increasing level includes the optimizations of levels below it. The following is a list of all optimizations currently performed by the C51 Compiler.
General Optimizations
Constant Folding: Constant values occurring in an expression or address calculation are combined as a single constant.
Jump Optimizing: Jumps are inverted or extended to the final target address when the program efficiency is thereby increased.
Dead Code Elimination: Code that cannot be reached (dead code) is removed from the program.
Register Variables: Automatic variables and function arguments are located in registers whenever possible. No data memory space is reserved for these variables.
Parameter Passing Via Registers: A maximum of three function arguments
may be passed in registers.
Global Common Subexpression Elimination: Identical subexpressions or address calculations that occur multiple times in a function are recognized and calculated only once whenever possible.
Common Tail Merging: Common instruction blocks are merged together using jump instructions.
Re-use Common Entry Code: Common instruction sequences are moved in front of a function to rece code size.
Common Block Subroutines: Multiple instruction sequences are packed into subroutines. Instructions are rearranged to maximize the block size.
中文譯文
Keil C 簡介
Keil Software 的8051開發工具提供以下程序，你可以用它們來編譯你的C源碼，匯編你的匯編源程序，連接和重定位你的目標文件和庫文件，創建HEX文件，調試你的目標程序。
Windows應用程序uVision2是一個集成開發環境，它把項目管理，源代碼編輯，程序調試等集成到一個功能強大的環境中。
C51美國標准優化C交叉編譯器從你的C源代碼產生可重定位的目標文件。
A51宏匯編器從你的8051匯編源代碼產生可重定位的目標文件。
BL51連接/重定位器組合你的由C51和A51產生的可重定位的目標文件，生成絕對目標文件。
LIB51庫管理器組合你的目標文件，生成可以被連接器使用的庫文件。
OH51目標文件到HEX格式的轉換器從絕對目標文件創建Intel HEX 格式的文件。
RTX-51實時操作系統簡化了復雜和對時間要求敏感的軟體項目。
軟體開發流程
當你使用Keil Software工具時，你的項目開發流程和其它軟體開發項目的流程極其相似。
1. 創建一個項目，從器件庫中選擇目標器件，配置工具設置。
2. 用C語言或匯編語言創建源程序。
3. 用項目管理器實現你的應用。
4. 修改源程序中的錯誤。
5. 測試，連接應用。
uVision2 IDE
uVision2 集成開發環境集成了一個項目管理器，一個功能豐富、有錯誤提示的編輯器，以及設置選項，生成工具，在線幫助。利用uVision2創建你的源代碼並把它們組織到一個能確定你的目標應用的項目中去。uVision2自動編譯，匯編，連接你的嵌入式應用，並為你的開發提供一個單一的焦點。
C51編譯器和A51匯編器
源代碼由uVision2 IDE創建，並被C51編譯或A51匯編。編譯器和匯編器從源代碼生成可重定位的目標文件。Keil C51編譯器完全遵照ANSI C語言標准，支持C語言的所有標准特性。另外，直接支持8051結構的幾個特性被添加到裡面。Keil A51宏匯編器支持8051及其派生系列的全部指令集。
LIB51 庫管理器
LIB51庫管理器允許你從由編譯器或匯編器生成的目標文件創建目標庫。庫是一種被特別地組織過並在以後可以被連接重用的對象模塊。當連接器處理一個庫時，僅僅那些被使用的目標模塊才被真正使用。
BL51 連接器/定位器
BL51 連接器/定位器利用從庫中提取的目標模塊和由編譯器或匯編器生成的目標模塊創建一個絕對地址的目標模塊。一個絕對地址目標模塊或文件包含不可重定位的代碼和數據。所有的代碼和數據被安置在固定的存儲器單元中。此絕對地址目標文件可以用來：
寫入EPROM或其它存儲器件。
由uVision2調試器使用來模擬和調試。
由模擬器用來測試程序。
uVision2 調試器
uVision2源代碼級調試器是一個理想地快速，可靠的程序調試器。此調試器包含一個高速模擬器，能夠讓你模擬整個8051系統，包括片上外圍器件和外部硬體。當你從器件庫中選擇器件時，這個器件的特性將自動配置。
uVision2調試器為你在實際目標板上測試你的程序提供了幾種方法：
安裝MON51目標監控器到你的目標系統並且通過Monitor-51介面下載你的程序。
利用高級的GDI（AGDI）介面，把uVision2調試器綁定到你的目標系統。
Monitor-51
uVision2調試器支持用Monitor-51進行目標板調試。此監控程序駐留在你的目標板的 存儲器里，它利用串口和uVision2調試器進行通信。利用Monitor-51，uVision2調試器 可以對你的目標硬體實行源代碼級的調試。
RTX51實時操作系統
RTX51實時操作系統是一個針對8051系列的多任務核。RTX51實時內核從本質上簡化了對實時事件反應速度要求高的復雜應用系統的設計，編程和調試。RTX51實時內核是完全集成到C51編譯器中的，從而方便使用。任務描述表和操作系統的連接由BL51連接器/定位器自動控制。
C51優化的C語言交叉編譯器
Keil C51交叉編譯器是一個基於ANSI C標準的針對8051系列MCU的C編譯器，生成的可執行代碼快速、緊湊，在運行效率和速度上可以和匯編程序得到的代碼相媲美。
和匯編語言相比，用C語言這樣的高級語言有很多優勢，比如：
對處理器的指令集不必了解，8051 CPU的基本結構可以了解，但不是必須的。
寄存器的分配以及各種變數和數據的定址都由編譯器完成。
程序擁有了正式的結構（由C語言帶來的），並且能被分成多個單獨的子函數。這使整個應用系統的結構變得清晰，同時讓源代碼變得可重復使用。
選擇特定的操作符來操作變數的能力提高了源代碼的可讀性。
可以運用和人的思維很接近的詞彙和演算法表達式。
編寫程序和調試程序的時間得到很大程度的縮短。
C運行連接庫包含一些標準的子程序，如:格式化輸出，數字轉換，浮點運算。
由於程序的模塊結構技術，使得現有的程序段可以很容易的包含到新的程序中去。
ANSI 標準的C語言是一種豐常方便的，獲得廣泛應用的，在絕大部分系統中都能夠很容易得到的語言。
因此，如果需要，現有的程序可以很快地移植到其他的處理器上，節省投資。
代碼優化
C51是一個傑出的優化編譯器，它通過很多步驟以確保產生的代碼是最有效率的（最小和/或最快）。編譯器通過分析初步的代碼 產生最終的最有效率的代碼序列，以此來保證你的C語言程序佔用最少空間的同時運行的快而有效。
C51編譯器提供9個優化級別。每個高一級的優化級別都包括比它低的所有優化級別的優化內容。以下列出的是目前C51編譯器提供的所有優化級別的內容：
常量折疊：在表達式及定址過程中出現的常量被綜合為一個單個的常量。
跳轉優化：採用反轉跳轉或直接指向最終目的的跳轉，從而提升了程序的效率。
啞碼消除：永遠不可能執行到的代碼將自動從程序中剔除。
寄存器變數：只要可能，局部變數和函數參數被放在CPU寄存器中，不需要為這些變數再分配存儲器空間。
通過寄存器傳遞參數：最多三個參數通過寄存器傳遞。
消除全局公用的子表達式：只要可能，程序中多次出現的相同的子表達式或地址計算表達式將只計算一次。
合並相同代碼：利用跳轉指令，相同的代碼塊被合並。
重復使用入口代碼：需要多次使用的共同代碼被移到子程序的前面以縮減代碼長度。
公共塊子程序：需要重復使用的多條指令被提取組成子程序。指令被重新安排以最大化一個共用子程序的長度。
② 求關於單片機或LCD的外文文獻 要書名，作者， 出版社，第幾版，時間.
[1]Bo Ran Han,Zheng Liu,You Zhou,Kai Zhou. Queue System Based on GSM Modem and Single Chip Microcomputer』s Communication[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2012,1566(433).
[2]Bing Liu,Tao Wu. Design and Application of Single Chip Microcomputer in SCR Light Regulation Circuit[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,2754(431).
[3]Min Cao. A Study of Visual Wireless Control System Based on MCU in Power Plants[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,2808(448).
[4]Jun Jie Lin,Chun Yang Wang,Da Sen Wang. Arbitrary Integer Frequency Divider Based on Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,2789(441).
[5]Hong Li,Si Qing Zhang. Design for Robot Control Board Based on AVR Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,2935(484).
[6]Qi Guo Yao,Yu Liang Liu. Reliability Design of Ship Main Engine Remote Control System Based on Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3207(556).
[7]Jian Pu Bia,Mei Xia Gao. Design of Ultrasonic Rangefinder Controlled by Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3360(599).
[8]Dan Tong Zhang. Research on University Classroom Lighting Energy Saving Intelligence Control System Based on Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2014,3470(1030).
[9]Qing Zhuang. Weighing System Design Based on Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2015,3701(1070).
[10]Yishan Zeng,Jun Qian. Designs of a fire detecting and fire pre-warning system based on single chip microcomputer[J]. Procedia Engineering,2010,7.
中國知網，網路學術，谷歌學術
上面都可查找
③ 急！！急！！緊急求助！！關於單片機的外文參考文獻！！！
[3] AT89C51 DATA SHEEP Philips Semiconctors 1999.dec
[4]Yang. Y., Yi. J., Woo, Y.Y., and Kim. B.: 『Optimum design for linearityand efficiency of microwave Doherty amplifier using a new loadmatching technique』, Microw. J., 2001, 44, (12), pp. 20–36
[5] Vizimuller, P.: 『RF design guide-systems, circuits, and equations』 (ArtechHouse, Boston, MA, 1995)[6]R. Dye, 「Visual Object-Orientated Programming,」 Dr. Dobbs MacintoshJournal, Sept. 1st ( 1991).
http://www.fxdzw.com/dzjs.asp
④ 關於單片機控制步進電機的英文參考文獻
文獻螞舉1:
This project aimed to develop a wireless system to detect and allow only the authorized persons. The system was based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and consists of a passive RFID tag. The passive micro transponder tag collects power from the 125 KHz magnetic field generated by the base station, gathers information about the Tag ID and sends this information to the base station. The base station receives, decodes and checks the information available in its Database and Manchester code was used to send those information. The system performed as desired with a 10cm diameter antenna attached to the transponder. The Base Station is built by using the Popular 8051 family Microcontroller. It gets the tag ID and if the tag ID is stored in its memory then the microcontroller will allow the person inside.
RFID Reader Mole, are also called as interrogators. They convert radio waves returned from the RFID tag into a form that can be passed on to Controllers, which can make use of it. RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency in order to communicate. RFID systems use many different frequencies, but the most common and widely used Reader frequency is 125 KHz.
全部內高賣容及下載戚物逗地址:
http://www.8051projects.net/downloads137.html
---------------------------------------------------------------
文獻2:
Choose controller according to your requirements of program memory(flash), RAM, ADC, EEPROM. 16kB of flash is sufficient to implement floodfill algorithm. If you are thinking of implementing floodfill algorithm then 256 bytes are required to store Map of the maze and 512 bytes are required for processing so you need atleast 1kBRAM to implement floodfill. ATmega16,32 and PIC18f452 are some controllerspopularly used in micromouse. If you are thinking of building just a wall follower then simple 8051 based controller likeAT89s52 can also be used. Stepper driving:Please read http://www.triindia.co.in/resources/?p=40 a step by step stepper motor guidefirst. There are two types of motors a) unipolar b) bipolar. Unipolar stepper motors can be used as bipolar steppers so prefer unipolar whilepurchasing stepper. You can use simple ULN2803 IC the circuit can be found in 8051 microcontroller by Mazidi. ULN2803 has eight darlington pair in a single package. It hascurrent carrying capacity of 500mA. so it will get heated up frequently will get damaged.So two ULN2803 can be connected in parallel to fix the problem but this is a chalta haiway of driving stepper.
全部見:
http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:8fC6eNhdpGEJ:graigroup.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/micromouse1.pdf+stepper+motor+AT89S52&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=21&gl=uk
---------------------------------------------------------------文獻3:
Stepper Motor Advantages
and Disadvantages
Advantages
1. The rotation angle of the motor is
proportional to the input pulse.
2. The motor has full torque at stand-
still (if the windings are energized)
3. Precise positioning and repeat-
ability of movement since good
stepper motors have an accuracy of
3 – 5% of a step and this error is
non cumulative from one step to
the next.
4. Excellent response to starting/
stopping/reversing.
5. Very reliable since there are no con-
tact brushes in the motor.
Therefore the life of the motor is
simply dependant on the life of the
bearing.
6. The motors response to digital
input pulses provides open-loop
control, making the motor simpler
and less costly to control.
7. It is possible to achieve very low
speed synchronous rotation with a
load that is directly coupled to the
shaft.
8. A wide range of rotational speeds
can be realized as the speed is
proportional to the frequency
全文見:
http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:v1op7zKvYDEJ:library.solarbotics.net/pdflib/pdf/motorbas.pdf+stepper+motor&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=uk
⑤ 單片機英文文獻及翻譯，5000字左右 急需 謝謝 [email protected]
Introction of Programmable controllers
From a simple heritage, these remarkable systems have evolved to not only replace electromechanical devices, but to solve an ever-increasing array of control problems in both process and nonprocess instries. By all indications, these microprocessor powered giants will continue to break new ground in the automated factory into the 1990s.
HISTORY
In the 1960s, electromechanical devices were the order of the day ass far as control was concerned. These devices, commonly known as relays, were being used by the thousands to control many sequential-type manufacturing processes and stand-along machines. Many of these relays were in use in the transportation instry, more specifically, the automotive instry. These relays used hundreds of wires and their interconnections to effect a control solution. The performance of a relay was basically reliable - at least as a single device. But the common applications for relay panels called for 300 to 500 or more relays, and the reliability and maintenance issues associated with supporting these panels became a very great challenge. Cost became another issue, for in spite of the low cost of the relay itself, the installed cost of the panel could be quite high. The total cost including purchased parts, wiring, and installation labor, could range from $30~$50 per relay. To make matters worse, the constantly changing needs of a process called for recurring modifications of a control panel. With relays, this was a costly prospect, as it was accomplished by a major rewiring effort on the panel. In addition these changes were sometimes poorly documented, causing a second-shift maintenance nightmare months later. In light of this, it was not uncommon to discard an entire control panel in favor of a new one with the appropriate components wired in a manner suited for the new process. Add to this the unpredictable, and potentially high, cost of maintaining these systems as on high-volume motor vehicle proction lines, and it became clear that something was needed to improve the control process – to make it more reliable, easier to troubleshoot, and more adaptable to changing control needs.
That something, in the late 1960s, was the first programmable controller. This first 『revolutionary』 system wan developed as a specific response to the needs of the major automotive manufacturers in the United States. These early controllers, or programmable logic controllers (PLC), represented the first systems that 1 could be used on the factory floor, 2 could have there 『logic』 changed without extensive rewiring or component changes, and 3 were easy to diagnose and repair when problems occurred.
It is interesting to observe the progress that has been made in the past 15 years in the programmable controller area. The pioneer procts of the late 1960s must have been confusing and frightening to a great number of people. For example, what happened to the hardwired and electromechanical devices that maintenance personnel were used to repairing with hand tools? They were replaced with 『computers』 disguised as electronics designed to replace relays. Even the programming tools were designed to appear as relay equivalent presentations. We have the opportunity now to examine the promise, in retrospect, that the programmable controller brought to manufacturing.
All programmable controllers consist of the basic functional blocks shown in Fig. 10. 1. We』ll examine each block to understand the relationship to the control system. First we look at the center, as it is the heart ( or at least the brain ) of the system. It consists of a microprocessor, logic memory for the storage of the actual control logic, storage or variable memory for use with data that will ordinarily change as a function power for the processor and memory. Next comes the I/O block. This function takes the control level signals for the CPU and converts them to voltage and current levels suitable for connection with factory grade sensors and actuators. The I/O type can range from digital (discrete or on / off), analog (continuously variable), or a variety of special purpose 『smart』 I/O which are dedicated to a certain application task. The programmer is shown here, but it is normally used only to initially configure and program a system and is not required for the system to operate. It is also used in troubleshooting a system, and can prove to be a valuable tool in pinpointing the exact cause of a problem. The field devices shown here represent the various sensors and actuators connected to the I/O. These are the arms, legs, eyes, and ears of the system, including push buttons, limit switches, proximity switches, photosensors, thermocouples, RTDS, position sensing devices, and bar code reader as input; and pilot lights, display devices, motor starters, DC and AC drives, solenoids, and printers as outputs.
No single attempt could cover its rapidly changing scope, but three basic characteristics can be examined to give classify an instrial control device as a programmable controller.
(1) Its basic internal operation is to solve logic from the beginning of memory to some specified point, such as end of memory or end of program. Once the end is reached, the operation begins again at the beginning of memory. This scanning process continues from the time power is supplied to the time it it removed.
(2) The programming logic is a form of a relay ladder diagram. Normally open, normally closed contacts, and relay coils are used within a format utilizing a left and a right vertical rail. Power flow (symbolic positive electron flow) is used to determine which coil or outputs are energized or deenergized.
(3) The machine is designed for the instrial environment from its basic concept; this protection is not added at a later date. The instrial environment includes unreliable AC power, high temperatures (0 to 60 degree Celsius), extremes of humidity, vibrations, RF noise, and other similar parameters.
General application areas
The programmable controller is used in a wide variety of control applications today, many of which were not economically possible just a few years ago. This is true for two general reasons: 1 there cost effectiveness (that is, the cost per I/O point) has improved dramatically with the falling prices of microprocessors and related components, and 2 the ability of the controller to solve complex computation and communication tasks has made it possible to use it where a dedicated computer was previously used.
Applications for programmable controllers can be categorized in a number of different ways, including general and instrial application categories. But it is important to understand the framework in which controllers are presently understood and used so that the full scope of present and future evolution can be examined. It is through the power of applications that controllers can be seen in their full light. Instrial applications include many in both discrete manufacturing and process instries. Automotive instry applications, the genesis of the programmable controller, continue to provide the largest base of opportunity. Other instries, such as food processing and utilities, provide current development opportunities.
There are five general application areas in which programmable controllers are used. A typical installation will use one or more of these integrated to the control system problem. The five general areas are explained briefly below.
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel』s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the instry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Function characteristic
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full plex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC：Supply voltage.
GND：Ground.
Port 0：
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus ring accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes ring Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes ring programverification. External pullups are required ring programverification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte ring fetches from external program memory and ring accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address ring accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) ring Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped ring each access to external Data Memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only ring a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped ring each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) ring Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the ty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Figure 1. Oscillator Connections Figure 2. External Clock Drive Configuration
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged ring this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
Power-down Mode
In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
Program Memory Lock Bits
On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.
When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched ring reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly
⑥ 大哥你幫我也整一篇關於單片機的英文文獻~3000字的 還要有中文翻譯~謝謝了
1. About SCM
It can be said across the twentieth century, the three "electric" era, that is, electrical era, the electronic age, and has now entered the computer age. However, such a computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor etc.. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to smart to give a variety of mechanical microcontroller (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system only used the smallest one IC, you can perform simple operations and control. Because of its small size, usually hidden in a charged mechanical "stomach" Lane. It is the entire device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole device was paralyzed.
Now, this MCU has a very wide field of use, such as smart meters, real-time instrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, home appliances and so on. Once the microcontroller were using a variety of procts, you can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of the proct, often in the proct name is preceded by the adjective - "smart", such as washing machines and so intelligent. At present, some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain procts, not the circuit is too complex, that is, functions are too simple and easy to be copied. The reason may be stuck in the proct without the use of a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.
SCM basic component is a central processing unit (CPU in the computing device and controller), read-only memory (usually expressed as a ROM), read-write memory (also known as Random Access Memory MRAM is usually expressed as a RAM) , input / output port (also divided into parallel port and serial port, expressed as I / O port), and so composed. In fact there is also a clock circuit microcontroller, so that ring operation and control of the microcontroller, can rhythmic manner. In addition, there are so-called "break system", the system is a "janitor" role, when the microcontroller control object parameters that need to be intervention to reach a particular state, can after this "janitor" communicated to the CPU, so that CPU priorities of the external events to take appropriate counter-measures.
單片機的簡介
可以說，二十世紀跨越了三個「電」的時代，即電氣時代、電子時代和現已進入的電腦時代。不過，這種電腦，通常是指個人計算機，簡稱PC機。它由主機、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。還有一類計算機，大多數人卻不怎麼熟悉。這種計算機就是把智能賦予各種機械的單片機（亦稱微控制器）。顧名思義，這種計算機的最小系統只用了一片集成電路，即可進行簡單運算和控制。因為它體積小，通常都藏在被控機械的「肚子」里。它在整個裝置中，起著有如人類頭腦的作用，它出了毛病，整個裝置就癱瘓了。
現在，這種單片機的使用領域已十分廣泛，如智能儀表、實時工控、通訊設備、導航系統、家用電器等。各種產品一旦用上了單片機，就能起到使產品升級換代的功效，常在產品名稱前冠以形容詞——「智能型」，如智能型洗衣機等。現在有些工廠的技術人員或其它業余電子開發者搞出來的某些產品，不是電路太復雜，就是功能太簡單且極易被仿製。究其原因，可能就卡在產品未使用單片機或其它可編程邏輯器件上。
單片機的基本組成是由中央處理器（即CPU中的運算器和控制器）、只讀存貯器（通常表示為ROM）、讀寫存貯器（又稱隨機存貯器通常表示為RAM）、輸入/輸出口（又分為並行口和串列口，表示為I/O口）等等組成。實際上單片機裡面還有一個時鍾電路，使單片機在進行運算和控制時，都能有節奏地進行。另外，還有所謂的「中斷系統」，這個系統有「傳達室」的作用，當單片機控制對象的參數到達某個需要加以干預的狀態時，就可經此「傳達室」通報給CPU，使CPU根據外部事態的輕重緩急來採取適當的應付措施。
⑦ 關於單片機的外文書籍 要書名，作者， 出版社，第幾版，時間
書名：Foumdation and Application pf Microcontroller
作者：Guiyun Tian
出版社：高等教育出版社 第一版
⑧ 關於單片機方面的英文文獻，最還有翻譯
基於單片機的電子表設計
摘要：近年來隨著計算機在社會領域的滲透和大規模集成電路的發展，單片機的應用正在不斷地走向深入，由於它具有功能強，體積小，功耗低，價格便宜，工作可靠，使用方便等特點，因此特別適合於與控制有關的系統，越來越廣泛地應用於自動控制，智能化儀器，儀表，數據採集，軍工產品以及家用電器等各個領域，單片機往往是作為一個核心部件來使用，在根據具體硬體結構，以及針對具體應用對象特點的軟體結合，以作完善。
本次做的電子表是以單片機（AT89S51）為核心，結合相關的元器件（共陰極LED數碼顯示器、BCD-鎖存/7段解碼等），再配以相應的軟體，達到實現時鍾日歷顯示的功能，也具有日歷計算、顯示和時鍾、日歷的校準，以及多路開關定時輸出等功能，其硬體部分難點在於元器件的選擇、布局及焊接。
Based on the design of electronic SCM
Abstract: In recent years, with computer penetration in the social sphere and the development of large-scale integrated circuits, MCU applications are constantly deepening, as it has a function of strong, small size, low power consumption, cheap, reliable, Easy to use, and other characteristics, and therefore particularly suited to control the system, more widely used in automatic control, intelligent instruments, meters, data acquisition, military procts and household appliances, and other fields, the MCU is often as a core Parts to use, in accordance with specific hardware and application-specific characteristics of the object with software to make perfect.
This is done in electronic form SCM (AT89S51) as the core, the combination of related components (of cathode LED digital display, BCD-latch / 7 of the decoder, and so on), Coupled with the corresponding software, to achieve Clock calendar shows that the function of the calendar also calculated, display and the clock, the calendar of calibration, and multi-channel Kaiguandingshi output, and other functions, some of its hardware components is difficult choice, layout and welding.