1. 急求關於單片機的外文參考文獻五篇，不要具體內容，只要標題，作者，年份，類型等就可以了
[1] 李東升等.protel 99SE電路設計教程.電子工業出版社,2007.1
[2] 藏春華等.電子線路設計與應用.高等教育出版社,2004.7
[3] 李學海.16位單片機SPCE061A使用教程——基礎篇.人民郵電出版社,2007
[4] 張琳娜,劉武發．感測檢測技術及應用.中國計量出版社,1999
[5] 邵敏權,劉剛.單片機原理實驗及應用.吉林科學技術出版社,1995.1
[6] 楊振江等.智能儀器與數據採集系統中的新器件及應用.西安電子科技大學出版 社,2001.12
[7] 羅亞非等.凌陽16位單片機應用基礎.北京航空航天大學出版社,2005.5
[8] 劉篤仁,韓保君.感測器原理及應用技術。機械工業出版社,2003.8
[9] 薛筠義,張彥斌.凌陽16位單片機原理及應用,2003.2
[10] 徐愛卿.Intel 16位單片機,2002.7
[11] 霍孟友等，單片機原理與應用機械工業出版社，2004.1
[12] 霍孟友等，單片機原理與應用學習概要及題解，機械工業出版社，2005.3
[13] 許泳龍等，單片機原理及應用，機械工業出版社，2005.1
[14] 馬忠梅等，單片機的C語言應用程序設計，北京航空航天大學出版社，2003修訂版
[15] 薛均義 張彥斌 虞鶴松 樊波，凌陽十六位單片機原理及應用，2003年，北京航空航天大學出版社.
2. 關於單片機的英文文獻哪裡有啊謝謝各位了~~~急啊！
在電子學中，集成電路（IC、微電路、微晶元、硅晶元或晶元）是一種由半導體器件（主要是半導體器件以及被動組件）構成的微型電子電路，其被製造在薄半導體材料的表面。混合集成電路則是由單獨的半導體器件以及被動組件通過焊接方式連接到基板或電路板上的微型電子電路。
本文專注於單片集成電路（Monolithic Integrated Circuits），這類集成電路是在單一半導體基片上製造而成的，集成了多個功能電路，如晶體管、電阻和電容等。
單片集成電路因其體積小、性能穩定、可靠性高、成本低廉等優點，在電子設備中得到了廣泛應用，特別是在單片機（Microcontroller Unit，簡稱MCU）領域。
單片機是一種內置CPU、存儲器、輸入輸出介面等組件的集成電路，可以獨立完成數據處理、控制、通信等功能，廣泛應用於各種電子設備中，如汽車、家電、工業控制、醫療設備等。
單片機的英文文獻資源豐富，可以在學術資料庫、在線期刊平台以及電子書庫中找到。一些知名的資源庫包括IEEE Xplore、ScienceDirect、Google Scholar等，這些平台提供了大量的英文文獻，涵蓋了單片機的原理、設計、應用等方面。
對於研究單片機技術的學者和工程師來說，這些文獻是了解最新研究成果、技術趨勢的重要資料。通過閱讀這些英文文獻，可以深入了解單片機的最新進展，為自己的研究和開發工作提供寶貴的參考。
此外，還可以關注一些專注於單片機技術的在線論壇和社區，如嵌入式系統論壇、GitHub等，這些平台不僅提供了豐富的技術資源，還能與其他研究者交流經驗，共同進步。
總之，通過利用豐富的英文文獻資源，可以深入了解單片機的最新研究和技術動態，為自己的研究和開發工作提供有力支持。
3. 求單片機參考文獻，中文的有相應的外文翻譯
[1]楊十元.模擬系統故障診斷與可靠性設計，清華人學出版社，2004
[2]童詩白.模擬電子技術基礎，高教出版社，2006
[3]周航慈.單片機應用程序設計技術，北京航空航大大學出版社，2005
[4]李剛.ADuC812系列單片機原理和應用技術，北京航空航天山版社，2005
[5]胡誕康.在線測試技術的發展與展望，計量與測試技術，2001
[6]星河科技開發公司，印刷電路板在線測試系統的發展與應用，電子標准化與測量，2003
[7]季華.PCB測試技術的綜合利用，電子產品世界，2007-12
[8]鮮壇.組裝測試技術應用前景分析，世界電子元器件，2008-1
[9]張金敏.基於單片機控制的智能電阻電容在線測試儀，甘肅科技，2006
[10]庄紹雄王濟浩張迎春.智能阻容在線測試技術，山東工業大學學報，
[11]陳國順陳春沙王格芳等.通用電路板在線測試儀設計與開發，儀器儀表學報，2001
[12]Nancy Hplland.Automated Instruments Smooth Rapid Test System Development.Test & Measurement World,AUGUST 2001
[13]盧育強.如何設定ICT的上下限，電子生產設備，2003 142-143
[14]趙悅 沈青松 終玉軍.路板的測試技術，遼寧工學院學報，2008-1
[15]程亞黎 曾周末.電路故障自動測試與診斷系統，中國儀器儀表，2007
4. 單片機英文文獻及翻譯，5000字左右 急需 謝謝 [email protected]
Introction of Programmable controllers
From a simple heritage, these remarkable systems have evolved to not only replace electromechanical devices, but to solve an ever-increasing array of control problems in both process and nonprocess instries. By all indications, these microprocessor powered giants will continue to break new ground in the automated factory into the 1990s.
HISTORY
In the 1960s, electromechanical devices were the order of the day ass far as control was concerned. These devices, commonly known as relays, were being used by the thousands to control many sequential-type manufacturing processes and stand-along machines. Many of these relays were in use in the transportation instry, more specifically, the automotive instry. These relays used hundreds of wires and their interconnections to effect a control solution. The performance of a relay was basically reliable - at least as a single device. But the common applications for relay panels called for 300 to 500 or more relays, and the reliability and maintenance issues associated with supporting these panels became a very great challenge. Cost became another issue, for in spite of the low cost of the relay itself, the installed cost of the panel could be quite high. The total cost including purchased parts, wiring, and installation labor, could range from $30~$50 per relay. To make matters worse, the constantly changing needs of a process called for recurring modifications of a control panel. With relays, this was a costly prospect, as it was accomplished by a major rewiring effort on the panel. In addition these changes were sometimes poorly documented, causing a second-shift maintenance nightmare months later. In light of this, it was not uncommon to discard an entire control panel in favor of a new one with the appropriate components wired in a manner suited for the new process. Add to this the unpredictable, and potentially high, cost of maintaining these systems as on high-volume motor vehicle proction lines, and it became clear that something was needed to improve the control process – to make it more reliable, easier to troubleshoot, and more adaptable to changing control needs.
That something, in the late 1960s, was the first programmable controller. This first 『revolutionary』 system wan developed as a specific response to the needs of the major automotive manufacturers in the United States. These early controllers, or programmable logic controllers (PLC), represented the first systems that 1 could be used on the factory floor, 2 could have there 『logic』 changed without extensive rewiring or component changes, and 3 were easy to diagnose and repair when problems occurred.
It is interesting to observe the progress that has been made in the past 15 years in the programmable controller area. The pioneer procts of the late 1960s must have been confusing and frightening to a great number of people. For example, what happened to the hardwired and electromechanical devices that maintenance personnel were used to repairing with hand tools? They were replaced with 『computers』 disguised as electronics designed to replace relays. Even the programming tools were designed to appear as relay equivalent presentations. We have the opportunity now to examine the promise, in retrospect, that the programmable controller brought to manufacturing.
All programmable controllers consist of the basic functional blocks shown in Fig. 10. 1. We』ll examine each block to understand the relationship to the control system. First we look at the center, as it is the heart ( or at least the brain ) of the system. It consists of a microprocessor, logic memory for the storage of the actual control logic, storage or variable memory for use with data that will ordinarily change as a function power for the processor and memory. Next comes the I/O block. This function takes the control level signals for the CPU and converts them to voltage and current levels suitable for connection with factory grade sensors and actuators. The I/O type can range from digital (discrete or on / off), analog (continuously variable), or a variety of special purpose 『smart』 I/O which are dedicated to a certain application task. The programmer is shown here, but it is normally used only to initially configure and program a system and is not required for the system to operate. It is also used in troubleshooting a system, and can prove to be a valuable tool in pinpointing the exact cause of a problem. The field devices shown here represent the various sensors and actuators connected to the I/O. These are the arms, legs, eyes, and ears of the system, including push buttons, limit switches, proximity switches, photosensors, thermocouples, RTDS, position sensing devices, and bar code reader as input; and pilot lights, display devices, motor starters, DC and AC drives, solenoids, and printers as outputs.
No single attempt could cover its rapidly changing scope, but three basic characteristics can be examined to give classify an instrial control device as a programmable controller.
(1) Its basic internal operation is to solve logic from the beginning of memory to some specified point, such as end of memory or end of program. Once the end is reached, the operation begins again at the beginning of memory. This scanning process continues from the time power is supplied to the time it it removed.
(2) The programming logic is a form of a relay ladder diagram. Normally open, normally closed contacts, and relay coils are used within a format utilizing a left and a right vertical rail. Power flow (symbolic positive electron flow) is used to determine which coil or outputs are energized or deenergized.
(3) The machine is designed for the instrial environment from its basic concept; this protection is not added at a later date. The instrial environment includes unreliable AC power, high temperatures (0 to 60 degree Celsius), extremes of humidity, vibrations, RF noise, and other similar parameters.
General application areas
The programmable controller is used in a wide variety of control applications today, many of which were not economically possible just a few years ago. This is true for two general reasons: 1 there cost effectiveness (that is, the cost per I/O point) has improved dramatically with the falling prices of microprocessors and related components, and 2 the ability of the controller to solve complex computation and communication tasks has made it possible to use it where a dedicated computer was previously used.
Applications for programmable controllers can be categorized in a number of different ways, including general and instrial application categories. But it is important to understand the framework in which controllers are presently understood and used so that the full scope of present and future evolution can be examined. It is through the power of applications that controllers can be seen in their full light. Instrial applications include many in both discrete manufacturing and process instries. Automotive instry applications, the genesis of the programmable controller, continue to provide the largest base of opportunity. Other instries, such as food processing and utilities, provide current development opportunities.
There are five general application areas in which programmable controllers are used. A typical installation will use one or more of these integrated to the control system problem. The five general areas are explained briefly below.
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel』s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the instry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Function characteristic
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full plex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC：Supply voltage.
GND：Ground.
Port 0：
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus ring accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes ring Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes ring programverification. External pullups are required ring programverification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte ring fetches from external program memory and ring accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address ring accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) ring Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped ring each access to external Data Memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only ring a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped ring each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) ring Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the ty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Figure 1. Oscillator Connections Figure 2. External Clock Drive Configuration
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged ring this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
Power-down Mode
In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
Program Memory Lock Bits
On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.
When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched ring reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly