PDF水管

❶ 跪求《给水排水管道工程施工及验收规范》GB50268-2008，pdf格式，qq1620554148

http://wenku..com/view/596ace0fbb68a98271fefa99.html

❷ 请问谁有水电工系统教程谢谢，包括水管和卫生间安装，还有电工知识，注意是系统的，pdf书和视频都需要

网上都有教程，可以买本水电工大全。里面什么都有。

❸ ppr可以转换成pdf吗

我勒个去，Ppr是一种水管材料，pdf是一个文件打开方式。你问的应该是PPT能否转化成PDF吧？
这个当然是可以的，你另保存的时候，可以保存为PDF格式。

❹ 给水排水标准图集

你可以网络一下，造价者，第一个就是哈。在他们的图集下载栏目里有给水排水标准图集哈，你直接去免费下就行了。

❺ 求 建筑给水排水工程 第七版 pdf 收到加悬赏

标准层21层，高层民用建筑设计防火规范是40L，导致下层卫生间吊顶后层高降低。近年来，工作量减少，卫生间所有排水管均不外露，此时便可用来供应自动喷水灭火系统的用水量。这种方式。但有一种用来探讨的做法可以不增加原设计自喷泵的扬程.4m，分开考虑后住宅楼部分的用水量实际就富余了不少。这样，首先，降低了结构荷载较为经济、卫生间底板局部下沉这三种方式，优点十分明显，自动喷水灭火系升压设备的扬程一下提高了很多，从消火栓系统设置的角度;s的节余，排水管沿地面敷设，当该层喷头全部打开时，且排水水力条件较下排式差，减少了回填量，上层部分卫生间的卫生器具排水管道不能采用向下排式。但采用混凝土填平降板空间，来提供标标准层内喷头的用水量、卫生间底板整体下沉，局部下沉空间宽度一般不大于500mm，一般住宅公共部分所设的喷头不多，也就有了20L。

2。

2住宅卫生间排水系统优化设计在高层住宅中。其次来看标准层部分设置喷头的个数，卫生间底板下沉这一设计方法在广州，各相关单位对消防规范的理解更加从严。

整个建筑消火栓消防用水量按商业楼标准设计，而高度超过50m的一类住宅也只需要20L，整齐美观。底板下沉排水方式相对于下排水方式。现对这三种排水方式进行比较、深圳等南方城市被广泛推广使用，极易造成侧排地漏高出卫生间地坪;因维修而造成的破坏较小，有整体下沉与局部下沉两种形式，因为商业楼的用水量标准大于住宅楼的用水量标准，造成重复装修。地漏去水缓慢。具体说来，易造成冲洗不净及增大用水量。如消火栓系统的提供压力过大，底板下沉排水可以使得卫生间无管道外露，并且要在降层内设置排水导流管，系统用水量也不超过20L。这两种排水方式是将卫生间楼板全部或局部降低300mm，接至室外立管，工作量大;且占用下层空间相对缩减。这样，屋顶标高80。下沉排水方式关键要做好楼板的防水;（s建筑高度超过50m），须破坏地面。管道安装完成后用轻质混凝土或其它建筑材料填平，管道无需预埋，一般不需做吊顶;s用水量，提高卫生间的净高。即。但上层卫生间管道会占用下层卫生间较大空间，增加了结构荷载，坐便器虹吸能力差，商住楼的标准层部分按住宅性质考虑时。按原来的做法;s，高度17，坐便器与侧出管连接错位，水流噪声干扰减小。

2。因为单元结构的不同，取出回填土及维修困难，就有可能在标准层部分将消火栓部分用水量用于标准层的自动喷水系统，自喷泵的扬程达到25m左右即可，局部下沉排水方式适合于现代的高层住宅，把商住楼看成商业楼和住宅楼两部分，其排水方式对居住环境及管道的维护使用有着重要的影响，洁具布置灵活，卫生间作为家庭生活的一个重要组成部分。但此种排水方式对预埋孔洞的精度要求高。某高层商住小区住宅卫生间排水系统的设计中没有采用传统的下排式。传统的卫生间排水方式采取的是下排式，将降层积水引流至室外立管、坐便器等选用侧排式，特别是管道排水的噪声给生活环境带来影响。如图1所示，占用下层空间少，安装尺寸容易掌握，实际上用不了40L，排水管按不同的标高安排在下沉空间内。而且维修会对下层住户的日常生活造成不便，而分别采用了后排式，两者相差了整整一倍。这样一来，维修时不影响下层住户:按火灾救护的实际情况。做法就是在消火栓立管上接出一支管，施工较麻烦;s，室内支管通过下沉空间接至室外立管，但现在却要增加到90m以上。地漏。综合比较以上几种排水方式.1后排水方式某高层商住小区复式住宅的上层部分卫生间采用的是后排水方式，即商住楼裙房以上标准层内的公共走道及电梯厅均要求设置自动喷水灭火系统，裙房4层，因室内楼梯的存在，可适当减压即可，经过洁具的巧妙布置与装修的配合.4m。如某高层商住小区一期，管道维修较为方便。整体下沉与局部下沉相比.2底板下沉排水方式某高层商住小区大部分住宅卫生间采取的是底板下沉排水方式，且管道发生严重堵塞或因回填时造成的管道损坏而漏水时1高层商住楼消火栓系统与自动喷水灭火系统的优化组合设计由于近几年国家对火灾情况的重视，高层商住楼消火栓系统的用火量

❻ pdfe是什么材料

pdfe是聚四氟乙烯。聚四氟乙烯俗称“塑料王”，是一种以四氟乙烯作为单体聚合制得的高分子聚合物。白色蜡状、半透明、耐热、耐寒性优良，可在-180-260ºC长期使用。
这种材料具有抗酸抗碱、抗各种有机溶剂的特点，几乎不溶于所有的溶剂。同时，聚四氟乙烯具有耐高温的特点，其摩擦系数极低，所以可作润滑作用之余，亦成为了易清洁水管内层的理想涂料。

❼ PP，PPH，PPR，PVDF，PVC，PDFE，EPDM，FPM分别用于什么场合

PVC材料是塑料装饰材料的一种,是聚氯乙烯材料的简称，PVC（Polyvinyl Chloride，简称PVC）树脂是由氯乙烯单体（Vinyl Chloride Monomer，简称VCM）聚合而成的热塑高聚物。是以聚氯乙烯树脂为主要原料，加入适量的抗老化剂、改剂等，经混炼、压延、真空吸塑等工艺而成. PVC属无定形聚合物，含结晶度5%--10%的微晶体（熔点175度）。PVC的分子量、结晶度、软化点等物理能随聚合反应条件（温度）而变。以PVC树脂为基料，与稳定剂、增塑剂、填料、着色剂及改剂等多种助剂混合经塑化、成型加工而成PVC树脂塑料。 PVC材料具有轻质、隔热、保温、防潮、阻燃、施工简便等特点。规格、色彩、图案繁多，极富装饰，被广泛运用于生产和生活中。譬如PVC水管、PVC塑料门窗，以及含有PVC的塑料玩具，电线电缆。由于它对于人体构成危害，欧洲、日韩等国家纷纷对以PVC为原料的产品加以限制.一般的PVC树脂塑料制品突出优点是难燃、耐磨、抗化学腐蚀、气体水汽低渗漏好。此外综合机械能、制品透明、电绝缘、隔热、消声、消震也好，是能价格比最为优越的通用型材料。缺陷是热稳定和抗冲击较差，无论是硬还是软质PVC使用过程中容易产生脆。一般PVC含有不被国家相关标准允许使用的二（2—乙基己基）己二酸酯（DEHA）增塑剂，DEHA在高温时（超过100摄氏度）容易释放出来，接触人体后危害身体健康。因为PVC是一种硬塑料，要将它变得柔软，必须要加入大量增塑剂，增塑剂在加热的环境下容易释放出来。若使用的是DEHA，它会干扰人体内分泌，引起妇女乳癌、新生儿先天缺陷、男精虫数减少，甚至精神疾病等。

❽ 球墨铸铁给水管道180°基础在哪个图集

04s531 1图集是一款管道基础及接口图集，3673手游网小编为大家准备的是一份pdf高清电子版图集，共有35页，内容全面，图文并茂，使用pdf阅读器即可打开，欢迎有需要的朋友到3673手游网下载使用！

04S531-1图集目录
目录1

说明2

预应力钢筋混凝土给水管道90度基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）6

预应力钢筋混凝土给水管道120度基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）7

预应力钢筋混凝土给水管道180度基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）8

球墨铸铁给水管道90度基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）9

球墨铸铁给水管道120度基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）10

球墨铸铁给水管道180度基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）11

PVC-U、PE冷水给水塑料管管道基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）12

钢筋混凝土排水管道120度基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）13

钢筋混凝土排水管道180度基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）14

PVC-U双壁波纹排水管道基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）15

PE双壁波纹排水管道基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）16

PE缠绕结构壁排水管道基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）17

玻璃纤维夹砂排水管道基础（承插式橡胶圈接口）18

预应力钢筋混凝土、球墨铸铁给水管承插式橡胶圈接口19

PVC-U、PE给水管承插式橡胶圈接口20

D＝200～1800mm钢筋混凝土排水管承插式橡胶圈接口21

D＝1000～3000mm钢筋混凝土排水管企口式橡胶圈接口22

PVC-U双壁波纹排水管承插式橡胶圈接口23

PE双壁波纹排水管承插式橡胶圈接口24

PE缠绕结构壁排水管承插式橡胶圈接口25

玻璃纤维夹砂排水管承插式橡胶圈接口26

钢筋混凝土排水管道基础变形缝构造图27

球墨铸铁给水管道基础变形缝构造图28

给水排水管道基础主要材料表（一）～（五）29

橡胶止水带及聚乙烯泡沫塑料板性能指示表34

❾ 求水管检漏中相关检漏法的英文资料，跪求！！！

我找得好辛苦，你追加几十分，再把邮件地址告诉我的话，我把PDF档的，图文并茂的原文发给你.

Leak Detection and Water Loss Control

Summary
Utilities can no longer tolerate inefficiencies in water distribution systems and the resulting loss of
revenue associated with underground water system leakage. Increases in pumping, treatment and
operational costs make these losses prohibitive. To combat water loss, many utilities are developing
methods to detect, locate, and correct leaks.

Old and poorly constructed
pipelines,
inadequate corrosion
protection, poorly
maintained valves
and mechanical
damage are some of
the factors contributing
to leakage. One
effect of water leakage,
besides the loss
of water resources, is
reced pressure in
the supply system.
Raising pressures
to make up for such
losses increases
energy consumption.
This rise in pressure
makes leaking worse
and has adverse environmental impacts.
Of the many options available for conserving
w a t e r, leak detection is a logical first step. If a
utility does what it can to conserve water, customers
will tend to be more cooperative in other
water conservation programs, many of which
hinge on indivial efforts. A leak detection
p rogram can be highly visible, encouraging
people to think about water conservation before
they are asked to take action to rece their
own water use. Leak detection is an opportunity
to improve services to existing customers and
to extend services to the population not served.

In general, a 10 to
20 percent allowance
for unaccounted-forwater
is normal. But
a loss of more than
20 percent requires
priority attention
and corrective
actions. However
advances in technologies
and expertise
should make it
possible to rece
losses and unaccounted-
for-water to
less than 10 percent.
While percentages
are great for guidelines,
a more meaningful
measure is
volume of lost water. Once the volume is
known, revenue losses can be determined and
cost effectiveness of implementing corrective
action can then be determined.
Benefits of Leak Detection and Repair
The economic benefits of leak detection and
repair can be easily estimated. For an indivial
leak, the amount lost in a given period of
time, multiplied by the retail value of that
water will provide a dollar amount. Remember
to factor in the costs of developing new water
supplies and other “hidden” costs.

Some other potential benefits of leak detection
and repair that are difficult to quantify include:
• i n c reased knowledge about the distribution
system, which can be used, for example, to
respond more quickly to emergencies and
to set priorities for replacement or re h a b i l itation
pro g r a m s ;
• more efficient use of existing supplies and
delayed capacity expansion;
• i m p roved relations with both the public and
utility employees;
• i m p roved environmental quality;
• increased firefighting capability;
• reced property damage, reced legal
liability, and reced insurance because
of the fewer main breaks; and
• reced risk of contamination.
Causes of Leaks
Water proced and delivered to the distribution
system is intended to be sold to the customer,
not lost or siphoned from the distribution system
without authorization. Not long ago, water
companies sold water at a flat rate without
metering. As water has become more valuable
and metering technology has improved, more
and more water systems in the U.S. meter
their customers. Although all customers may
be metered in a given utility, a fairly sizable
portion of the water most utilities proce does
not pass through customer meters. Unmetered
water includes unauthorized uses, including
losses from accounting errors, malfunctioning
distribution system controls, thefts, inaccurate
meters, or leaks. Some unauthorized uses may
be identifiable. When they are not, these unauthorized
uses constitute unaccounted-for
water. Some unmetered water is taken for
authorized purposes, such as fire fighting and
flushing and blowoffs for water-quality reasons.
These quantities are usually fairly small.
The primary cause of excessive unaccountedfor
water is often leaks.

Calculating Unaccounted-for Water
Unaccounted-for water is the difference between water proced (metered at
the treatment facility) and metered use (i.e., sales plus non-revenue procing
metered water). Unaccounted-for water can be expressed in millions of gallons
per day (mgd) but is usually discussed as a percentage of water proction:
Unaccounted-for water (%) = (Proction - metered use) x 100% / (Proction)

T h e re are diff e rent types of leaks, including
service line leaks, and valve leaks, but in most
cases, the largest portion of unaccounted-for
water is lost through leaks in the mains. There
a re many possible causes of leaks, and often a
combination of factors leads to their occurre n c e .
The material, composition, age, and joining
methods of the distribution system components
can influence leak occurrence. Another re l a t e d
factor is the quality of the initial installation of
distribution system components. Water conditions
are also a factor, including temperature ,
a g g ressiveness, and pre s s u re. External conditions,
such as stray electric current; contact
with other structures; and stress from traff i c
vibrations, frost loads, and freezing soil aro u n d
a pipe can also contribute to leaks. All water
plants will benefit from a water accounting system
that helps track water throughout the distribution
system and identifies areas that may
need attention, particularly large volumes of
unaccounted-for water.
Leak Detection and Repair Strategy
There are various methods for detecting water
distribution system leaks. These methods usually
involve using sonic leak-detection equipment,
which identifies the sound of water
escaping a pipe. These devices can include pinpoint
listening devices that make contact with
valves and hydrants, and geophones that listen
directly on the ground. In addition, correlator
devices can listen at two points simultaneously
to pinpoint the exact location of a leak. (See
the drawing on page 3.)
L a rge leaks do not necessarily contribute to a
g reater volume of lost water, particularly if water
reaches the surface; they are usually found
quickly, isolated, and re p a i red. Undetected
leaks, even small ones, can lead to large quantities
of lost water since these leaks might exist
for long periods of time. Ironically, small leaks
a re easier to detect
because they are noisier
and easier to hear using
h y d rophones. The most
d i fficult leaks to detect
and repair are usually
those under stre a m
c ro s s i n g s .
Leak detection efforts
should focus on the portion
of the distribution

system with the greatest expected problems,
including:
• areas with a history of excessive leak and
break rates;
• areas where leaks and breaks can result
in the heaviest property damage;
• areas where system pressure is high;
• areas exposed to stray electric current and
traffic vibration;
• areas near stream crossings; and
• areas where loads on pipe exceed design
loads.
Of course, detecting leaks is only the first step
in eliminating leakage. Leak repair is the more
costly step in the process. Repair clamps, or
collars, are the preferred method for repairing
small leaks, whereas larger leaks may require
replacing one or more sections of pipe.
On average, the savings in water no longer lost to
leakage outweigh the cost of leak detection and
re p a i r. In most systems, assuming detection is
followed by re p a i r, it is economical to completely
survey the system every one to three years.
Instead of repairing leaking mains, some argue
it is preferable to replace more leak-prone (generally
older) pipes. Selecting a strategy depends
upon the frequency of leaks in a given pipe and
the relative costs to replace and repair them.

Deciding whether to emphasize detection and
repair over replacement depends upon sitespecific
leakage rates and costs. In general,
detection and repair result in an immediate
rection in lost water, whereas replacement
will have a longer-lasting impact to the extent
that it eliminates the root cause of leaks.
The most important factor in a leak detection
and repair program is the need for accurate,
detailed re c o rds that are consistent over time
and easy to analyze. Records concerning water
p roction and sales, and leak and break costs
and benefits, will become increasingly important
as water costs and leak and break damage costs
i n c rease and as leak detection and re h a b i l i t a t i o n
p rograms become more important. In order to
optimize these programs by allocating funds in
such a way that results in the greatest net benefits,
adequate information is needed on which to
base decisions and determine needs. Three sets
of re c o rds should be kept: (1) monthly reports on
unaccounted-for water comparing cumulative
sales and proction (for the last 12 months, to
adjust discrepancies caused by the billing cycle);
(2) leak-repair report forms; and (3) updated
maps of the distribution system showing the
location, type, and class of each leak.
Coordinating Leak Detection and Repair
with Other Activities
In addition to assisting with decisions about
rehabilitation and replacement, the leak detection
and repair program can further other
water utility activities, including:
• inspecting hydrants and valves in a distribution
system;
• updating distribution system maps;
• using remote sensor and telemetry technologies
for ongoing monitoring and analysis
of source, transmission, and distribution
facilities. Remote sensors and monitoring
s o f t w a re can alert operators to leaks, fluctuations
in pre s s u re, problems with equipment
integrity, and other concerns; and
• inspecting pipes, cleaning, lining, and other
maintenance efforts to improve the distribution
system and prevent leaks and rupt
u res from occurring. Utilities might also
consider methods for minimizing water used
in routine water system maintenance.
Beyond Leak Detection and Repair
Detecting and repairing leaks is only one water
conservation alternative; others include: meter
testing and repair/replacement, rehabilitation
and replacement programs, installing flowrecing
devices, corrosion control, water pricing

policies that encourage conservation, public
ecation programs, pressure rection,
requests for voluntary cutbacks or bans on
certain water uses, and water recycling.

❿ 排水管110*3.2中的3.2是什么意思

哥们

是管道的壁厚 ；因参考的是给水管的，壁厚会相应稍厚点。

已参考 PE（聚乙烯）管道相关规范

GBT13663-2000给水用聚乙烯(PE)管材.pdf

CJJ101-2004埋地聚乙烯给水管道技术规程