md5加密前后

‘壹’ md5加密后的数据

用MD5爆力破解程序,大概要一个月的时间,运气好一个星期也许可以.前些日子召开的国际密码学年会（Crypto 2004）上，来自中国山东大学王小云教授的一篇关于"破译MD5、HAVAL－128、MD4以及RIPEMD－128算法"的报告引起了轰动，报告中提到的新破译方法几乎标志着世界通信密码标准——MD5堡垒的轰然倒塌。一石激起千层浪，此前一直负责公开征集针对MD5的攻击而设立的权威站点http�//www．md5crk．com/宣布"由于MD5破译获得突破性进展，MD5破解项目（MD5CRK Project）即日停止"，并开始提供该站点以往技术资料的下载，预计该站点也将在不久的将来完全关闭。面对MD5被破译，有人一声叹息，有人觉得不可思议，更有人忧虑甚至恐慌......那么究竟MD5有什么来头？它被破译是否意味着"地球将不再旋转"？谁将成为它的继承者？请看——

一、MD5是何方神圣？

所谓MD5，即"Message-Digest Algorithm 5（信息-摘要算法）"，它由MD2、MD3、MD4发展而来的一种单向函数算法（也就是HASH算法），它是国际着名的公钥加密算法标准RSA的第一设计者R.Rivest于上个世纪90年代初开发出来的。MD5的最大作用在于，将不同格式的大容量文件信息在用数字签名软件来签署私人密钥前"压缩"成一种保密的格式，关键之处在于——这种"压缩"是不可逆的。

为了让读者朋友对MD5的应用有个直观的认识，笔者以一个比方和一个实例来简要描述一下其工作过程：

大家都知道，地球上任何人都有自己独一无二的指纹，这常常成为公安机关鉴别罪犯身份最值得信赖的方法；与之类似，MD5就可以为任何文件（不管其大小、格式、数量）产生一个同样独一无二的"数字指纹"，如果任何人对文件做了任何改动，其MD5值也就是对应的"数字指纹"都会发生变化。

我们常常在某些软件下载站点的某软件信息中看到其MD5值，它的作用就在于我们可以在下载该软件后，对下载回来的文件用专门的软件（如Windows MD5 Check等）做一次MD5校验，以确保我们获得的文件与该站点提供的文件为同一文件。利用MD5算法来进行文件校验的方案被大量应用到软件下载站、论坛数据库、系统文件安全等方面。

笔者上面提到的例子只是MD5的一个基本应用，实际上MD5还被用于加密解密技术上，如Unix、各类BSD系统登录密码（在MD5诞生前采用的是DES加密算法，后因MD5安全性更高，DES被淘汰）、通信信息加密（如大家熟悉的即时通信软件MyIM）、数字签名等诸多方面。

二、MD5的消亡之路

实际上，从MD5诞生之日起，来自美国名为Van Oorschot和Wiener的两位密码学专家就发现了一个暴力搜寻冲突的函数，并预算出"使用一个专门用来搜索MD5冲突的机器可以平均每24天就找到一个冲突"。不过由于该方案仅仅从理论上证明了MD5的不安全性，且实现的代价及其夸张（当时要制造这种专门的计算机，成本需要100万美元），于是MD5自其诞生十多年来一直未有新版本或者被其它算法彻底取代。

在接下来的日子里，有关MD5的破译又诞生了"野蛮攻击"，也就是用"穷举法"从所有可能产生的结果中找到被MD5加密的原始明文，不过由于MD5采用128位加密方法，即使一台机器每秒尝试10亿条明文，那么要破译出原始明文大概需要10的22次方年，而一款名为"MD5爆破工具"的软件，每秒进行的运算仅仅为2万次！

经过无数MD5算法研究专家的努力，先后又诞生了"生日攻击"、"微分攻击"等多种破译方法（相关信息大家可以参考研究成果，大大推进了md5算法消亡的进程。尽管在研究报告中并没有提及具体的实现方法，我们可以认为，md5被彻底攻破已经扫除了技术上的障碍，剩下的仅仅是时间和精力上的问题。/" target=_blank>http://www.md5crk.com）。此次山东大学几位教授的最新研究成果，大大推进了MD5算法消亡的进程。尽管在研究报告中并没有提及具体的实现方法，我们可以认为，MD5被彻底攻破已经扫除了技术上的障碍，剩下的仅仅是时间和精力上的问题。

‘贰’ md5加密以后的字符串长度

加密后为128位（bit），按照16进制（4位一个16进制数）编码后，就成了32个字符。MD5并不是加密算法，而是摘要算法。加密算法是可逆的，摘要算法是理专论上不可逆的，详细步骤：

1、md5算法主要应用在密码领域,为了防止明文传输密码的危险性,一般会用密码的md5值来代替密码本身。

‘叁’ MD5如何加密可不可以还原加密

md5加密单元。存成一个asp文件，并在要使用加密的aps文件中加入对该文件的引用

调用方法
密文=md5(明文)
md5 加密后不可还原，可采用比对法进行验证
<%
Private Const BITS_TO_A_BYTE = 8
Private Const BYTES_TO_A_WORD = 4
Private Const BITS_TO_A_WORD = 32

Private m_lOnBits(30)
Private m_l2Power(30)

Private Function LShift(lValue, iShiftBits)
If iShiftBits = 0 Then
LShift = lValue
Exit Function
ElseIf iShiftBits = 31 Then
If lValue And 1 Then
LShift = &H80000000
Else
LShift = 0
End If
Exit Function
ElseIf iShiftBits < 0 Or iShiftBits > 31 Then
Err.Raise 6
End If

If (lValue And m_l2Power(31 - iShiftBits)) Then
LShift = ((lValue And m_lOnBits(31 - (iShiftBits + 1))) * m_l2Power(iShiftBits)) Or &H80000000
Else
LShift = ((lValue And m_lOnBits(31 - iShiftBits)) * m_l2Power(iShiftBits))
End If
End Function

Private Function RShift(lValue, iShiftBits)
If iShiftBits = 0 Then
RShift = lValue
Exit Function
ElseIf iShiftBits = 31 Then
If lValue And &H80000000 Then
RShift = 1
Else
RShift = 0
End If
Exit Function
ElseIf iShiftBits < 0 Or iShiftBits > 31 Then
Err.Raise 6
End If

RShift = (lValue And &H7FFFFFFE) \ m_l2Power(iShiftBits)

If (lValue And &H80000000) Then
RShift = (RShift Or (&H40000000 \ m_l2Power(iShiftBits - 1)))
End If
End Function

Private Function RotateLeft(lValue, iShiftBits)
RotateLeft = LShift(lValue, iShiftBits) Or RShift(lValue, (32 - iShiftBits))
End Function

Private Function AddUnsigned(lX, lY)
Dim lX4
Dim lY4
Dim lX8
Dim lY8
Dim lResult

lX8 = lX And &H80000000
lY8 = lY And &H80000000
lX4 = lX And &H40000000
lY4 = lY And &H40000000

lResult = (lX And &H3FFFFFFF) + (lY And &H3FFFFFFF)

If lX4 And lY4 Then
lResult = lResult Xor &H80000000 Xor lX8 Xor lY8
ElseIf lX4 Or lY4 Then
If lResult And &H40000000 Then
lResult = lResult Xor &HC0000000 Xor lX8 Xor lY8
Else
lResult = lResult Xor &H40000000 Xor lX8 Xor lY8
End If
Else
lResult = lResult Xor lX8 Xor lY8
End If

AddUnsigned = lResult
End Function

Private Function md5_F(x, y, z)
md5_F = (x And y) Or ((Not x) And z)
End Function

Private Function md5_G(x, y, z)
md5_G = (x And z) Or (y And (Not z))
End Function

Private Function md5_H(x, y, z)
md5_H = (x Xor y Xor z)
End Function

Private Function md5_I(x, y, z)
md5_I = (y Xor (x Or (Not z)))
End Function

Private Sub md5_FF(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac)
a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_F(b, c, d), x), ac))
a = RotateLeft(a, s)
a = AddUnsigned(a, b)
End Sub

Private Sub md5_GG(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac)
a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_G(b, c, d), x), ac))
a = RotateLeft(a, s)
a = AddUnsigned(a, b)
End Sub

Private Sub md5_HH(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac)
a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_H(b, c, d), x), ac))
a = RotateLeft(a, s)
a = AddUnsigned(a, b)
End Sub

Private Sub md5_II(a, b, c, d, x, s, ac)
a = AddUnsigned(a, AddUnsigned(AddUnsigned(md5_I(b, c, d), x), ac))
a = RotateLeft(a, s)
a = AddUnsigned(a, b)
End Sub

Private Function ConvertToWordArray(sMessage)
Dim lMessageLength
Dim lNumberOfWords
Dim lWordArray()
Dim lBytePosition
Dim lByteCount
Dim lWordCount

Const MODULUS_BITS = 512
Const CONGRUENT_BITS = 448

lMessageLength = Len(sMessage)

lNumberOfWords = (((lMessageLength + ((MODULUS_BITS - CONGRUENT_BITS) \ BITS_TO_A_BYTE)) \ (MODULUS_BITS \ BITS_TO_A_BYTE)) + 1) * (MODULUS_BITS \ BITS_TO_A_WORD)
ReDim lWordArray(lNumberOfWords - 1)

lBytePosition = 0
lByteCount = 0
Do Until lByteCount >= lMessageLength
lWordCount = lByteCount \ BYTES_TO_A_WORD
lBytePosition = (lByteCount Mod BYTES_TO_A_WORD) * BITS_TO_A_BYTE
lWordArray(lWordCount) = lWordArray(lWordCount) Or LShift(Asc(Mid(sMessage, lByteCount + 1, 1)), lBytePosition)
lByteCount = lByteCount + 1
Loop

lWordCount = lByteCount \ BYTES_TO_A_WORD
lBytePosition = (lByteCount Mod BYTES_TO_A_WORD) * BITS_TO_A_BYTE

lWordArray(lWordCount) = lWordArray(lWordCount) Or LShift(&H80, lBytePosition)

lWordArray(lNumberOfWords - 2) = LShift(lMessageLength, 3)
lWordArray(lNumberOfWords - 1) = RShift(lMessageLength, 29)

ConvertToWordArray = lWordArray
End Function

Private Function WordToHex(lValue)
Dim lByte
Dim lCount

For lCount = 0 To 3
lByte = RShift(lValue, lCount * BITS_TO_A_BYTE) And m_lOnBits(BITS_TO_A_BYTE - 1)
WordToHex = WordToHex & Right("0" & Hex(lByte), 2)
Next
End Function

Public Function MD5(sMessage)
m_lOnBits(0) = CLng(1)
m_lOnBits(1) = CLng(3)
m_lOnBits(2) = CLng(7)
m_lOnBits(3) = CLng(15)
m_lOnBits(4) = CLng(31)
m_lOnBits(5) = CLng(63)
m_lOnBits(6) = CLng(127)
m_lOnBits(7) = CLng(255)
m_lOnBits(8) = CLng(511)
m_lOnBits(9) = CLng(1023)
m_lOnBits(10) = CLng(2047)
m_lOnBits(11) = CLng(4095)
m_lOnBits(12) = CLng(8191)
m_lOnBits(13) = CLng(16383)
m_lOnBits(14) = CLng(32767)
m_lOnBits(15) = CLng(65535)
m_lOnBits(16) = CLng(131071)
m_lOnBits(17) = CLng(262143)
m_lOnBits(18) = CLng(524287)
m_lOnBits(19) = CLng(1048575)
m_lOnBits(20) = CLng(2097151)
m_lOnBits(21) = CLng(4194303)
m_lOnBits(22) = CLng(8388607)
m_lOnBits(23) = CLng(16777215)
m_lOnBits(24) = CLng(33554431)
m_lOnBits(25) = CLng(67108863)
m_lOnBits(26) = CLng(134217727)
m_lOnBits(27) = CLng(268435455)
m_lOnBits(28) = CLng(536870911)
m_lOnBits(29) = CLng(1073741823)
m_lOnBits(30) = CLng(2147483647)

m_l2Power(0) = CLng(1)
m_l2Power(1) = CLng(2)
m_l2Power(2) = CLng(4)
m_l2Power(3) = CLng(8)
m_l2Power(4) = CLng(16)
m_l2Power(5) = CLng(32)
m_l2Power(6) = CLng(64)
m_l2Power(7) = CLng(128)
m_l2Power(8) = CLng(256)
m_l2Power(9) = CLng(512)
m_l2Power(10) = CLng(1024)
m_l2Power(11) = CLng(2048)
m_l2Power(12) = CLng(4096)
m_l2Power(13) = CLng(8192)
m_l2Power(14) = CLng(16384)
m_l2Power(15) = CLng(32768)
m_l2Power(16) = CLng(65536)
m_l2Power(17) = CLng(131072)
m_l2Power(18) = CLng(262144)
m_l2Power(19) = CLng(524288)
m_l2Power(20) = CLng(1048576)
m_l2Power(21) = CLng(2097152)
m_l2Power(22) = CLng(4194304)
m_l2Power(23) = CLng(8388608)
m_l2Power(24) = CLng(16777216)
m_l2Power(25) = CLng(33554432)
m_l2Power(26) = CLng(67108864)
m_l2Power(27) = CLng(134217728)
m_l2Power(28) = CLng(268435456)
m_l2Power(29) = CLng(536870912)
m_l2Power(30) = CLng(1073741824)

Dim x
Dim k
Dim AA
Dim BB
Dim CC
Dim DD
Dim a
Dim b
Dim c
Dim d

Const S11 = 7
Const S12 = 12
Const S13 = 17
Const S14 = 22
Const S21 = 5
Const S22 = 9
Const S23 = 14
Const S24 = 20
Const S31 = 4
Const S32 = 11
Const S33 = 16
Const S34 = 23
Const S41 = 6
Const S42 = 10
Const S43 = 15
Const S44 = 21

x = ConvertToWordArray(sMessage)

a = &H67452301
b = &HEFCDAB89
c = &H98BADCFE
d = &H10325476

For k = 0 To UBound(x) Step 16
AA = a
BB = b
CC = c
DD = d

md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 0), S11, &HD76AA478
md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 1), S12, &HE8C7B756
md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 2), S13, &H242070DB
md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 3), S14, &HC1BDCEEE
md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 4), S11, &HF57C0FAF
md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 5), S12, &H4787C62A
md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 6), S13, &HA8304613
md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 7), S14, &HFD469501
md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 8), S11, &H698098D8
md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 9), S12, &H8B44F7AF
md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 10), S13, &HFFFF5BB1
md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 11), S14, &H895CD7BE
md5_FF a, b, c, d, x(k + 12), S11, &H6B901122
md5_FF d, a, b, c, x(k + 13), S12, &HFD987193
md5_FF c, d, a, b, x(k + 14), S13, &HA679438E
md5_FF b, c, d, a, x(k + 15), S14, &H49B40821

md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 1), S21, &HF61E2562
md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 6), S22, &HC040B340
md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 11), S23, &H265E5A51
md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 0), S24, &HE9B6C7AA
md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 5), S21, &HD62F105D
md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 10), S22, &H2441453
md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 15), S23, &HD8A1E681
md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 4), S24, &HE7D3FBC8
md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 9), S21, &H21E1CDE6
md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 14), S22, &HC33707D6
md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 3), S23, &HF4D50D87
md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 8), S24, &H455A14ED
md5_GG a, b, c, d, x(k + 13), S21, &HA9E3E905
md5_GG d, a, b, c, x(k + 2), S22, &HFCEFA3F8
md5_GG c, d, a, b, x(k + 7), S23, &H676F02D9
md5_GG b, c, d, a, x(k + 12), S24, &H8D2A4C8A

md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 5), S31, &HFFFA3942
md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 8), S32, &H8771F681
md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 11), S33, &H6D9D6122
md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 14), S34, &HFDE5380C
md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 1), S31, &HA4BEEA44
md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 4), S32, &H4BDECFA9
md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 7), S33, &HF6BB4B60
md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 10), S34, &HBEBFBC70
md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 13), S31, &H289B7EC6
md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 0), S32, &HEAA127FA
md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 3), S33, &HD4EF3085
md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 6), S34, &H4881D05
md5_HH a, b, c, d, x(k + 9), S31, &HD9D4D039
md5_HH d, a, b, c, x(k + 12), S32, &HE6DB99E5
md5_HH c, d, a, b, x(k + 15), S33, &H1FA27CF8
md5_HH b, c, d, a, x(k + 2), S34, &HC4AC5665

md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 0), S41, &HF4292244
md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 7), S42, &H432AFF97
md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 14), S43, &HAB9423A7
md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 5), S44, &HFC93A039
md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 12), S41, &H655B59C3
md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 3), S42, &H8F0CCC92
md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 10), S43, &HFFEFF47D
md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 1), S44, &H85845DD1
md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 8), S41, &H6FA87E4F
md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 15), S42, &HFE2CE6E0
md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 6), S43, &HA3014314
md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 13), S44, &H4E0811A1
md5_II a, b, c, d, x(k + 4), S41, &HF7537E82
md5_II d, a, b, c, x(k + 11), S42, &HBD3AF235
md5_II c, d, a, b, x(k + 2), S43, &H2AD7D2BB
md5_II b, c, d, a, x(k + 9), S44, &HEB86D391

a = AddUnsigned(a, AA)
b = AddUnsigned(b, BB)
c = AddUnsigned(c, CC)
d = AddUnsigned(d, DD)
Next

'MD5 = LCase(WordToHex(a) & WordToHex(b) & WordToHex(c) & WordToHex(d))
MD5=LCase(WordToHex(b) & WordToHex(c)) 'I crop this to fit 16byte database password :D
End Function
%>

‘肆’ 用MD5对同一个字符串加密后为什么输出不一样

那后面的符号好像是对象地址值，你把那两行打印换成这个看看
System.out.println
(new
String(bytes));
System.out.println
(new
String(bytes2));