A. 大哥你帮我也整一篇关于单片机的英文文献~3000字的 还要有中文翻译~谢谢了
1. About SCM
It can be said across the twentieth century, the three "electric" era, that is, electrical era, the electronic age, and has now entered the computer age. However, such a computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor etc.. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to smart to give a variety of mechanical microcontroller (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system only used the smallest one IC, you can perform simple operations and control. Because of its small size, usually hidden in a charged mechanical "stomach" Lane. It is the entire device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole device was paralyzed.
Now, this MCU has a very wide field of use, such as smart meters, real-time instrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, home appliances and so on. Once the microcontroller were using a variety of procts, you can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of the proct, often in the proct name is preceded by the adjective - "smart", such as washing machines and so intelligent. At present, some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain procts, not the circuit is too complex, that is, functions are too simple and easy to be copied. The reason may be stuck in the proct without the use of a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.
SCM basic component is a central processing unit (CPU in the computing device and controller), read-only memory (usually expressed as a ROM), read-write memory (also known as Random Access Memory MRAM is usually expressed as a RAM) , input / output port (also divided into parallel port and serial port, expressed as I / O port), and so composed. In fact there is also a clock circuit microcontroller, so that ring operation and control of the microcontroller, can rhythmic manner. In addition, there are so-called "break system", the system is a "janitor" role, when the microcontroller control object parameters that need to be intervention to reach a particular state, can after this "janitor" communicated to the CPU, so that CPU priorities of the external events to take appropriate counter-measures.
单片机的简介
可以说，二十世纪跨越了三个“电”的时代，即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。不过，这种电脑，通常是指个人计算机，简称PC机。它由主机、键盘、显示器等组成。还有一类计算机，大多数人却不怎么熟悉。这种计算机就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机（亦称微控制器）。顾名思义，这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路，即可进行简单运算和控制。因为它体积小，通常都藏在被控机械的“肚子”里。它在整个装置中，起着有如人类头脑的作用，它出了毛病，整个装置就瘫痪了。
现在，这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛，如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。各种产品一旦用上了单片机，就能起到使产品升级换代的功效，常在产品名称前冠以形容词——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣机等。现在有些工厂的技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来的某些产品，不是电路太复杂，就是功能太简单且极易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑器件上。
单片机的基本组成是由中央处理器（即CPU中的运算器和控制器）、只读存贮器（通常表示为ROM）、读写存贮器（又称随机存贮器通常表示为RAM）、输入/输出口（又分为并行口和串行口，表示为I/O口）等等组成。实际上单片机里面还有一个时钟电路，使单片机在进行运算和控制时，都能有节奏地进行。另外，还有所谓的“中断系统”，这个系统有“传达室”的作用，当单片机控制对象的参数到达某个需要加以干预的状态时，就可经此“传达室”通报给CPU，使CPU根据外部事态的轻重缓急来采取适当的应付措施。
B. 高分跪求 单片机英文文献及中文翻译
使用传统的机械式钥匙开锁，人们常需携带多把钥匙,
C. 关于单片机方面的英文文献，最还有翻译
基于单片机的电子表设计
摘要：近年来随着计算机在社会领域的渗透和大规模集成电路的发展，单片机的应用正在不断地走向深入，由于它具有功能强，体积小，功耗低，价格便宜，工作可靠，使用方便等特点，因此特别适合于与控制有关的系统，越来越广泛地应用于自动控制，智能化仪器，仪表，数据采集，军工产品以及家用电器等各个领域，单片机往往是作为一个核心部件来使用，在根据具体硬件结构，以及针对具体应用对象特点的软件结合，以作完善。
本次做的电子表是以单片机（AT89S51）为核心，结合相关的元器件（共阴极LED数码显示器、BCD-锁存/7段译码等），再配以相应的软件，达到实现时钟日历显示的功能，也具有日历计算、显示和时钟、日历的校准，以及多路开关定时输出等功能，其硬件部分难点在于元器件的选择、布局及焊接。
Based on the design of electronic SCM
Abstract: In recent years, with computer penetration in the social sphere and the development of large-scale integrated circuits, MCU applications are constantly deepening, as it has a function of strong, small size, low power consumption, cheap, reliable, Easy to use, and other characteristics, and therefore particularly suited to control the system, more widely used in automatic control, intelligent instruments, meters, data acquisition, military procts and household appliances, and other fields, the MCU is often as a core Parts to use, in accordance with specific hardware and application-specific characteristics of the object with software to make perfect.
This is done in electronic form SCM (AT89S51) as the core, the combination of related components (of cathode LED digital display, BCD-latch / 7 of the decoder, and so on), Coupled with the corresponding software, to achieve Clock calendar shows that the function of the calendar also calculated, display and the clock, the calendar of calibration, and multi-channel Kaiguandingshi output, and other functions, some of its hardware components is difficult choice, layout and welding.
D. 单片机英文文献及翻译
you
E. 单片机 英文文献及对应翻译
bus 公共汽车
driver 汽车司机
double decker bus 双层公共汽车
coach, motor coach, bus 大客车
taxi, taxicab 计程汽车, 出租汽车
trolleybus 无轨电车
tramcar, streetcar 电车, 有轨电车
underground, tube, subway 地铁
stop 停车站
taxi rank, taxi stand 计程汽车车站, 出租汽车总站
taxi driver, cab driver 出租车司机
conctor 售票员
inspector 检查员, 稽查员
ride 乘车
minimum fare (of a taxi) 最低车费
railway 铁路 (美作:railroad)
track 轨道
train 火车
railway system, railway net-work 铁路系统
express train 特别快车
fast train 快车
through train 直达快车
stopping train, slow train 慢车
excursion train 游览列车
commuter train, suburban train 市郊火车
railcar 轨道车
coach, carriage 车厢
sleeping car, sleeper 卧车
dining car, restaurant car, luncheon car 餐车
sleeper with couchettes 双层卧铺车
berth, bunk 铺位
up train 上行车
down train 下行车
luggage van, baggage car 行李车
mail car 邮政车
station, railway station 车站
station hall 车站大厅
booking office, ticket office 售票处
ticket-collector, gateman 收票员
platform 月台, 站台
platform ticket 站台票
buffet 小卖部
waiting room 候车室
platform bridge 天桥
left-luggage office 行李暂存处
platform-ticket 验票门
terminal, terminus 终点站
coach, passenger train 客车
car attendant, train attendant 列车员
guard, conctor 列车长
rack, baggage rack 行李架
left-luggage office 行李房 (美作:checkroom)
registration 登记
timetable 时刻表
change, transfer 换乘
connection 公铁交接处
ticket inspector 验票员
porter 搬运工人
to change trains at... 在（某地）换车
the train is e at... 在（某时）到达
to break the journey 中途下车
boat, ship 船
(passenger) liner 邮轮, 客轮
sailing boat, sailing ship 帆船
yacht 游船
(ocean) liner 远洋班轮
packet boat 定期客船, 班轮
cabin 船舱
hovercraft 气垫船
life buoy 救生圈
lifeboat 救生艇
life jacket 救生衣
berth, cabin, stateroom 客舱
first-class stateroom (cabin) 头等舱
second-class stateroom (cabin) 二等舱
steerage, third-class 三等舱
steerage 统舱
gang-plank 跳板
crossing 横渡
cruise 游弋
to embark, to ship 乘船
to land 抵岸, to sail at a speed of 20 knots, 航速为20节
to transship 换船
to disembark 上岸
to board a ship; to embark; to go aboard 上船
to disembark from a ship, to go ashore, to land 下船
on board a ship, aboard 在船上
to stop over at... 中途在…停留
civil aviation 民用航空
plane, aircraft, airplane 飞机
airliner 班机
jet, supersonic plane 喷气机
airliner, passenger aircraft 客机
medium-haul aircraft 中程飞机
long-range aircraft, long-haul aircraft 远程飞机
propeller-driven aircraft 螺旋桨飞机
jet (aircraft) 喷气飞机
turbofan jet 涡轮风扇飞机
turboprop 涡轮螺旋桨飞机
turbojet 涡轮喷气飞机
by air, by plane 乘飞机
airline 航空线
passenger cabin 客舱
tourist class 普通舱, 经济舱
first class 一等舱
waiting list 登机票名单
customs formalities 报关单
boarding check 登机牌
airport 航空港
air terminal 航空集散站
tarmac 停机坪
air hostess, stewardess 空中小姐, 女乘务员
steward 乘务员
aircraft crew, air crew 机组, 机务人员
pilot 驾驶员, 机长
takeoff 起飞
landing 着陆
to board a plane, get into a plane 上飞机
to get off a plane, alight from a plane 下飞机
non-stop flight to 飞往, 直飞
in transit 运送中的
air pocket 气潭, 气阱
F. 单片机英文文献及翻译，5000字左右 急需 谢谢 [email protected]
Introction of Programmable controllers
From a simple heritage, these remarkable systems have evolved to not only replace electromechanical devices, but to solve an ever-increasing array of control problems in both process and nonprocess instries. By all indications, these microprocessor powered giants will continue to break new ground in the automated factory into the 1990s.
HISTORY
In the 1960s, electromechanical devices were the order of the day ass far as control was concerned. These devices, commonly known as relays, were being used by the thousands to control many sequential-type manufacturing processes and stand-along machines. Many of these relays were in use in the transportation instry, more specifically, the automotive instry. These relays used hundreds of wires and their interconnections to effect a control solution. The performance of a relay was basically reliable - at least as a single device. But the common applications for relay panels called for 300 to 500 or more relays, and the reliability and maintenance issues associated with supporting these panels became a very great challenge. Cost became another issue, for in spite of the low cost of the relay itself, the installed cost of the panel could be quite high. The total cost including purchased parts, wiring, and installation labor, could range from $30~$50 per relay. To make matters worse, the constantly changing needs of a process called for recurring modifications of a control panel. With relays, this was a costly prospect, as it was accomplished by a major rewiring effort on the panel. In addition these changes were sometimes poorly documented, causing a second-shift maintenance nightmare months later. In light of this, it was not uncommon to discard an entire control panel in favor of a new one with the appropriate components wired in a manner suited for the new process. Add to this the unpredictable, and potentially high, cost of maintaining these systems as on high-volume motor vehicle proction lines, and it became clear that something was needed to improve the control process – to make it more reliable, easier to troubleshoot, and more adaptable to changing control needs.
That something, in the late 1960s, was the first programmable controller. This first ‘revolutionary’ system wan developed as a specific response to the needs of the major automotive manufacturers in the United States. These early controllers, or programmable logic controllers (PLC), represented the first systems that 1 could be used on the factory floor, 2 could have there ‘logic’ changed without extensive rewiring or component changes, and 3 were easy to diagnose and repair when problems occurred.
It is interesting to observe the progress that has been made in the past 15 years in the programmable controller area. The pioneer procts of the late 1960s must have been confusing and frightening to a great number of people. For example, what happened to the hardwired and electromechanical devices that maintenance personnel were used to repairing with hand tools? They were replaced with ‘computers’ disguised as electronics designed to replace relays. Even the programming tools were designed to appear as relay equivalent presentations. We have the opportunity now to examine the promise, in retrospect, that the programmable controller brought to manufacturing.
All programmable controllers consist of the basic functional blocks shown in Fig. 10. 1. We’ll examine each block to understand the relationship to the control system. First we look at the center, as it is the heart ( or at least the brain ) of the system. It consists of a microprocessor, logic memory for the storage of the actual control logic, storage or variable memory for use with data that will ordinarily change as a function power for the processor and memory. Next comes the I/O block. This function takes the control level signals for the CPU and converts them to voltage and current levels suitable for connection with factory grade sensors and actuators. The I/O type can range from digital (discrete or on / off), analog (continuously variable), or a variety of special purpose ‘smart’ I/O which are dedicated to a certain application task. The programmer is shown here, but it is normally used only to initially configure and program a system and is not required for the system to operate. It is also used in troubleshooting a system, and can prove to be a valuable tool in pinpointing the exact cause of a problem. The field devices shown here represent the various sensors and actuators connected to the I/O. These are the arms, legs, eyes, and ears of the system, including push buttons, limit switches, proximity switches, photosensors, thermocouples, RTDS, position sensing devices, and bar code reader as input; and pilot lights, display devices, motor starters, DC and AC drives, solenoids, and printers as outputs.
No single attempt could cover its rapidly changing scope, but three basic characteristics can be examined to give classify an instrial control device as a programmable controller.
(1) Its basic internal operation is to solve logic from the beginning of memory to some specified point, such as end of memory or end of program. Once the end is reached, the operation begins again at the beginning of memory. This scanning process continues from the time power is supplied to the time it it removed.
(2) The programming logic is a form of a relay ladder diagram. Normally open, normally closed contacts, and relay coils are used within a format utilizing a left and a right vertical rail. Power flow (symbolic positive electron flow) is used to determine which coil or outputs are energized or deenergized.
(3) The machine is designed for the instrial environment from its basic concept; this protection is not added at a later date. The instrial environment includes unreliable AC power, high temperatures (0 to 60 degree Celsius), extremes of humidity, vibrations, RF noise, and other similar parameters.
General application areas
The programmable controller is used in a wide variety of control applications today, many of which were not economically possible just a few years ago. This is true for two general reasons: 1 there cost effectiveness (that is, the cost per I/O point) has improved dramatically with the falling prices of microprocessors and related components, and 2 the ability of the controller to solve complex computation and communication tasks has made it possible to use it where a dedicated computer was previously used.
Applications for programmable controllers can be categorized in a number of different ways, including general and instrial application categories. But it is important to understand the framework in which controllers are presently understood and used so that the full scope of present and future evolution can be examined. It is through the power of applications that controllers can be seen in their full light. Instrial applications include many in both discrete manufacturing and process instries. Automotive instry applications, the genesis of the programmable controller, continue to provide the largest base of opportunity. Other instries, such as food processing and utilities, provide current development opportunities.
There are five general application areas in which programmable controllers are used. A typical installation will use one or more of these integrated to the control system problem. The five general areas are explained briefly below.
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the instry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Function characteristic
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full plex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC：Supply voltage.
GND：Ground.
Port 0：
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus ring accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes ring Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes ring programverification. External pullups are required ring programverification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte ring fetches from external program memory and ring accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address ring accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) ring Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped ring each access to external Data Memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only ring a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped ring each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) ring Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the ty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Figure 1. Oscillator Connections Figure 2. External Clock Drive Configuration
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged ring this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
Power-down Mode
In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
Program Memory Lock Bits
On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.
When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched ring reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly
G. 求单片机参考文献，中文的有相应的外文翻译
[1]杨十元.模拟系统故障诊断与可靠性设计，清华人学出版社，2004
[2]童诗白.模拟电子技术基础，高教出版社，2006
[3]周航慈.单片机应用程序设计技术，北京航空航大大学出版社，2005
[4]李刚.ADuC812系列单片机原理和应用技术，北京航空航天山版社，2005
[5]胡诞康.在线测试技术的发展与展望，计量与测试技术，2001
[6]星河科技开发公司，印刷电路板在线测试系统的发展与应用，电子标准化与测量，2003
[7]季华.PCB测试技术的综合利用，电子产品世界，2007-12
[8]鲜坛.组装测试技术应用前景分析，世界电子元器件，2008-1
[9]张金敏.基于单片机控制的智能电阻电容在线测试仪，甘肃科技，2006
[10]庄绍雄王济浩张迎春.智能阻容在线测试技术，山东工业大学学报，
[11]陈国顺陈春沙王格芳等.通用电路板在线测试仪设计与开发，仪器仪表学报，2001
[12]Nancy Hplland.Automated Instruments Smooth Rapid Test System Development.Test & Measurement World,AUGUST 2001
[13]卢育强.如何设定ICT的上下限，电子生产设备，2003 142-143
[14]赵悦 沈青松 终玉军.路板的测试技术，辽宁工学院学报，2008-1
[15]程亚黎 曾周末.电路故障自动测试与诊断系统，中国仪器仪表，2007
H. 单片机英文文献及翻译，5000字左右
其实，还是算了，自己弄吧，这么多，没有那么多的好心人给你弄的，自己网上弄吧，太多了，5000多字，高考一个作文才1000多就要写好久。给你推荐Google翻译，还算可以，比大多数好用，比什么狗屎金山词霸好多了，至少大部分通顺，然后自己修改下就可以了，
I. 单片机的英文文献及翻译有出处的，出处是外国期刊或是书的
单片机
Single Chip Micocomputer or MicoControler Unit
abbr. SCM or MCU