① 求助如何找到关于单片机的外文文献翻译，用于毕业设计
Getting Started with µVision2
The Keil Software 8051 development tools listed below are programs you use to compile your C code, assemble your assembly source files, link and locate object moles and libraries, create HEX files, and debug your target program.
µVision2 for Windows™ is an Integrated Development Environment that combines project management, source code editing, and program debugging in one single, powerful environment.
The C51 ANSI Optimizing C Cross Compiler creates relocatable object moles from your C source code.
The A51 Macro Assembler creates relocatable object moles from your 8051 assembly source code.
The BL51 Linker/Locator combines relocatable object moles created by the C51 Compiler and the A51 Assembler into absolute object moles.
The LIB51 Library Manager combines object moles into libraries that may be used by the linker.
The OH51 Object-HEX Converter creates Intel HEX files from absolute object moles.
The RTX-51 Real-time Operating System simplifies the design of complex, time-critical software projects.
Software Development Cycle
When you use the Keil Software tools, the project development cycle is roughly the same as it is for any other software development project.
1. Create a project, select the target chip from the device database, and configure the tool settings.
2. Create source files in C or assembly.
3. Build your application with the project manager.
4. Correct errors in source files.
5. Test the linked application.
µVision2 IDE
The µVision2 IDE combines project management, a rich-featured editor with interactive error correction, option setup, make facility, and on-line help. Use µVision2 to create your source files and organize them into a project that defines your target application. µVision2 automatically compiles, assembles, and links your embedded application and provides a single focal point for your development efforts.
LIB51 Library Manager
The LIB51 library manager allows you to create object library from the object files created by the compiler and assembler. Libraries are specially formatted, ordered program collections of object moles that may be used by the linker at a later time. When the linker processes a library, only those object moles in the library that are necessary to create the program are used.
BL51 Linker/Locator
The BL51 linker creates an absolute object mole using the object moles extracted from libraries and those created by the compiler and assembler. An absolute object file or mole contains no relocatable code or data. All code and data reside at fixed memory locations. The absolute object file may be used:
To program an EPROM or other memory devices,
With the µVision2 Debugger for simulation and target debugging,
With an in-circuit emulator for the program testing.
µVision2 Debugger
The µVision2 symbolic, source-level debugger is ideally suited for fast, reliable program debugging. The debugger includes a high-speed simulator that let you simulate an entire 8051 system including on-chip peripherals and external hardware. The attributes of the chip you use are automatically configured when you select the device from the Device Database.
The µVision2 Debugger provides several ways for you to test your programs on
real target hardware:
Install the MON51 Target Monitor on your target system and download your program using the Monitor-51 interface built-in to the µVision2 Debugger.
Use the Advanced GDI interface to attach use the µVision2 Debugger front end with your target system.
Monitor-51
The µVision2 Debugger supports target debugging using Monitor-51. The monitor program resides in the memory of your target hardware and communicates with the µVision2 Debugger using the serial port of the 8051 and a COM port of your PC. With Monitor-51, µVision2 lets you perform source-level, symbolic debugging on your target hardware.
RTX51 Real-Time Operating System
The RTX51 real-time operating system is a multitasking kernel for the 8051 microcontroller family. The RTX51 real-time kernel simplifies the system design, programming, and debugging of complex applications where fast reaction to time critical events is essential. The kernel is fully integrated into the C51 Compiler and is easy to use. Task description tables and operating system consistency are automatically controlled by the BL51 linker/locator.
C51 Optimizing C Cross Compiler
The Keil C51 Cross Compiler is an ANSI C Compiler that was written
specifically to generate fast, compact code for the 8051 microcontroller family.
The C51 Compiler generates object code that matches the efficiency and speed
of assembly programming.
Using a high-level language like C has many advantages over assembly language
programming:
Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required. Rudimentary knowledge of the memory structure of the 8051 CPU is desirable (but not necessary).
Details like register allocation and addressing of the various memory types and data types is managed by the compiler.
Programs get a formal structure (which is imposed by the C programming language) and can be divided into separate functions. This contributes to source code reusability as well as better overall application structure.
The ability to combine variable selection with specific operations improves program readability.
Keywords and operational functions that more nearly resemble the human thought process may be used.
Programming and program test time is drastically reced.
The C run-time library contains many standard routines such as: formatted output, numeric conversions, and floating-point arithmetic.
Existing program parts can be more easily included into new programs because of molar program construction techniques.
The language C is a very portable language (based on the ANSI standard) that enjoys wide popular support and is easily obtained for most systems.
Existing program investments can be quickly adapted to other processors as needed.
Code Optimizations
The C51 Compiler is an aggressive optimizing compiler that takes numerous steps to ensure that the code generated and output to the object file is the most efficient (smallest and/or fastest) code possible. The compiler analyzes the generated code to proce the most efficient instruction sequences. This ensures that your C program runs as quickly and effectively as possible in the least amount of code space.
The C51 Compiler provides nine different levels of optimizing. Each increasing level includes the optimizations of levels below it. The following is a list of all optimizations currently performed by the C51 Compiler.
General Optimizations
Constant Folding: Constant values occurring in an expression or address calculation are combined as a single constant.
Jump Optimizing: Jumps are inverted or extended to the final target address when the program efficiency is thereby increased.
Dead Code Elimination: Code that cannot be reached (dead code) is removed from the program.
Register Variables: Automatic variables and function arguments are located in registers whenever possible. No data memory space is reserved for these variables.
Parameter Passing Via Registers: A maximum of three function arguments
may be passed in registers.
Global Common Subexpression Elimination: Identical subexpressions or address calculations that occur multiple times in a function are recognized and calculated only once whenever possible.
Common Tail Merging: Common instruction blocks are merged together using jump instructions.
Re-use Common Entry Code: Common instruction sequences are moved in front of a function to rece code size.
Common Block Subroutines: Multiple instruction sequences are packed into subroutines. Instructions are rearranged to maximize the block size.
中文译文
Keil C 简介
Keil Software 的8051开发工具提供以下程序，你可以用它们来编译你的C源码，汇编你的汇编源程序，连接和重定位你的目标文件和库文件，创建HEX文件，调试你的目标程序。
Windows应用程序uVision2是一个集成开发环境，它把项目管理，源代码编辑，程序调试等集成到一个功能强大的环境中。
C51美国标准优化C交叉编译器从你的C源代码产生可重定位的目标文件。
A51宏汇编器从你的8051汇编源代码产生可重定位的目标文件。
BL51连接/重定位器组合你的由C51和A51产生的可重定位的目标文件，生成绝对目标文件。
LIB51库管理器组合你的目标文件，生成可以被连接器使用的库文件。
OH51目标文件到HEX格式的转换器从绝对目标文件创建Intel HEX 格式的文件。
RTX-51实时操作系统简化了复杂和对时间要求敏感的软件项目。
软件开发流程
当你使用Keil Software工具时，你的项目开发流程和其它软件开发项目的流程极其相似。
1. 创建一个项目，从器件库中选择目标器件，配置工具设置。
2. 用C语言或汇编语言创建源程序。
3. 用项目管理器实现你的应用。
4. 修改源程序中的错误。
5. 测试，连接应用。
uVision2 IDE
uVision2 集成开发环境集成了一个项目管理器，一个功能丰富、有错误提示的编辑器，以及设置选项，生成工具，在线帮助。利用uVision2创建你的源代码并把它们组织到一个能确定你的目标应用的项目中去。uVision2自动编译，汇编，连接你的嵌入式应用，并为你的开发提供一个单一的焦点。
C51编译器和A51汇编器
源代码由uVision2 IDE创建，并被C51编译或A51汇编。编译器和汇编器从源代码生成可重定位的目标文件。Keil C51编译器完全遵照ANSI C语言标准，支持C语言的所有标准特性。另外，直接支持8051结构的几个特性被添加到里面。Keil A51宏汇编器支持8051及其派生系列的全部指令集。
LIB51 库管理器
LIB51库管理器允许你从由编译器或汇编器生成的目标文件创建目标库。库是一种被特别地组织过并在以后可以被连接重用的对象模块。当连接器处理一个库时，仅仅那些被使用的目标模块才被真正使用。
BL51 连接器/定位器
BL51 连接器/定位器利用从库中提取的目标模块和由编译器或汇编器生成的目标模块创建一个绝对地址的目标模块。一个绝对地址目标模块或文件包含不可重定位的代码和数据。所有的代码和数据被安置在固定的存储器单元中。此绝对地址目标文件可以用来：
写入EPROM或其它存储器件。
由uVision2调试器使用来模拟和调试。
由仿真器用来测试程序。
uVision2 调试器
uVision2源代码级调试器是一个理想地快速，可靠的程序调试器。此调试器包含一个高速模拟器，能够让你模拟整个8051系统，包括片上外围器件和外部硬件。当你从器件库中选择器件时，这个器件的特性将自动配置。
uVision2调试器为你在实际目标板上测试你的程序提供了几种方法：
安装MON51目标监控器到你的目标系统并且通过Monitor-51接口下载你的程序。
利用高级的GDI（AGDI）接口，把uVision2调试器绑定到你的目标系统。
Monitor-51
uVision2调试器支持用Monitor-51进行目标板调试。此监控程序驻留在你的目标板的 存储器里，它利用串口和uVision2调试器进行通信。利用Monitor-51，uVision2调试器 可以对你的目标硬件实行源代码级的调试。
RTX51实时操作系统
RTX51实时操作系统是一个针对8051系列的多任务核。RTX51实时内核从本质上简化了对实时事件反应速度要求高的复杂应用系统的设计，编程和调试。RTX51实时内核是完全集成到C51编译器中的，从而方便使用。任务描述表和操作系统的连接由BL51连接器/定位器自动控制。
C51优化的C语言交叉编译器
Keil C51交叉编译器是一个基于ANSI C标准的针对8051系列MCU的C编译器，生成的可执行代码快速、紧凑，在运行效率和速度上可以和汇编程序得到的代码相媲美。
和汇编语言相比，用C语言这样的高级语言有很多优势，比如：
对处理器的指令集不必了解，8051 CPU的基本结构可以了解，但不是必须的。
寄存器的分配以及各种变量和数据的寻址都由编译器完成。
程序拥有了正式的结构（由C语言带来的），并且能被分成多个单独的子函数。这使整个应用系统的结构变得清晰，同时让源代码变得可重复使用。
选择特定的操作符来操作变量的能力提高了源代码的可读性。
可以运用和人的思维很接近的词汇和算法表达式。
编写程序和调试程序的时间得到很大程度的缩短。
C运行连接库包含一些标准的子程序，如:格式化输出，数字转换，浮点运算。
由于程序的模块结构技术，使得现有的程序段可以很容易的包含到新的程序中去。
ANSI 标准的C语言是一种丰常方便的，获得广泛应用的，在绝大部分系统中都能够很容易得到的语言。
因此，如果需要，现有的程序可以很快地移植到其他的处理器上，节省投资。
代码优化
C51是一个杰出的优化编译器，它通过很多步骤以确保产生的代码是最有效率的（最小和/或最快）。编译器通过分析初步的代码 产生最终的最有效率的代码序列，以此来保证你的C语言程序占用最少空间的同时运行的快而有效。
C51编译器提供9个优化级别。每个高一级的优化级别都包括比它低的所有优化级别的优化内容。以下列出的是目前C51编译器提供的所有优化级别的内容：
常量折叠：在表达式及寻址过程中出现的常量被综合为一个单个的常量。
跳转优化：采用反转跳转或直接指向最终目的的跳转，从而提升了程序的效率。
哑码消除：永远不可能执行到的代码将自动从程序中剔除。
寄存器变量：只要可能，局部变量和函数参数被放在CPU寄存器中，不需要为这些变量再分配存储器空间。
通过寄存器传递参数：最多三个参数通过寄存器传递。
消除全局公用的子表达式：只要可能，程序中多次出现的相同的子表达式或地址计算表达式将只计算一次。
合并相同代码：利用跳转指令，相同的代码块被合并。
重复使用入口代码：需要多次使用的共同代码被移到子程序的前面以缩减代码长度。
公共块子程序：需要重复使用的多条指令被提取组成子程序。指令被重新安排以最大化一个共用子程序的长度。
② 求关于单片机或LCD的外文文献 要书名，作者， 出版社，第几版，时间.
[1]Bo Ran Han,Zheng Liu,You Zhou,Kai Zhou. Queue System Based on GSM Modem and Single Chip Microcomputer’s Communication[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2012,1566(433).
[2]Bing Liu,Tao Wu. Design and Application of Single Chip Microcomputer in SCR Light Regulation Circuit[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,2754(431).
[3]Min Cao. A Study of Visual Wireless Control System Based on MCU in Power Plants[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,2808(448).
[4]Jun Jie Lin,Chun Yang Wang,Da Sen Wang. Arbitrary Integer Frequency Divider Based on Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,2789(441).
[5]Hong Li,Si Qing Zhang. Design for Robot Control Board Based on AVR Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,2935(484).
[6]Qi Guo Yao,Yu Liang Liu. Reliability Design of Ship Main Engine Remote Control System Based on Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3207(556).
[7]Jian Pu Bia,Mei Xia Gao. Design of Ultrasonic Rangefinder Controlled by Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3360(599).
[8]Dan Tong Zhang. Research on University Classroom Lighting Energy Saving Intelligence Control System Based on Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2014,3470(1030).
[9]Qing Zhuang. Weighing System Design Based on Single Chip Microcomputer[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2015,3701(1070).
[10]Yishan Zeng,Jun Qian. Designs of a fire detecting and fire pre-warning system based on single chip microcomputer[J]. Procedia Engineering,2010,7.
中国知网，网络学术，谷歌学术
上面都可查找
③ 急！！急！！紧急求助！！关于单片机的外文参考文献！！！
[3] AT89C51 DATA SHEEP Philips Semiconctors 1999.dec
[4]Yang. Y., Yi. J., Woo, Y.Y., and Kim. B.: ‘Optimum design for linearityand efficiency of microwave Doherty amplifier using a new loadmatching technique’, Microw. J., 2001, 44, (12), pp. 20–36
[5] Vizimuller, P.: ‘RF design guide-systems, circuits, and equations’ (ArtechHouse, Boston, MA, 1995)[6]R. Dye, “Visual Object-Orientated Programming,” Dr. Dobbs MacintoshJournal, Sept. 1st ( 1991).
http://www.fxdzw.com/dzjs.asp
④ 关于单片机控制步进电机的英文参考文献
文献蚂举1:
This project aimed to develop a wireless system to detect and allow only the authorized persons. The system was based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and consists of a passive RFID tag. The passive micro transponder tag collects power from the 125 KHz magnetic field generated by the base station, gathers information about the Tag ID and sends this information to the base station. The base station receives, decodes and checks the information available in its Database and Manchester code was used to send those information. The system performed as desired with a 10cm diameter antenna attached to the transponder. The Base Station is built by using the Popular 8051 family Microcontroller. It gets the tag ID and if the tag ID is stored in its memory then the microcontroller will allow the person inside.
RFID Reader Mole, are also called as interrogators. They convert radio waves returned from the RFID tag into a form that can be passed on to Controllers, which can make use of it. RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency in order to communicate. RFID systems use many different frequencies, but the most common and widely used Reader frequency is 125 KHz.
全部内高卖容及下载戚物逗地址:
http://www.8051projects.net/downloads137.html
---------------------------------------------------------------
文献2:
Choose controller according to your requirements of program memory(flash), RAM, ADC, EEPROM. 16kB of flash is sufficient to implement floodfill algorithm. If you are thinking of implementing floodfill algorithm then 256 bytes are required to store Map of the maze and 512 bytes are required for processing so you need atleast 1kBRAM to implement floodfill. ATmega16,32 and PIC18f452 are some controllerspopularly used in micromouse. If you are thinking of building just a wall follower then simple 8051 based controller likeAT89s52 can also be used. Stepper driving:Please read http://www.triindia.co.in/resources/?p=40 a step by step stepper motor guidefirst. There are two types of motors a) unipolar b) bipolar. Unipolar stepper motors can be used as bipolar steppers so prefer unipolar whilepurchasing stepper. You can use simple ULN2803 IC the circuit can be found in 8051 microcontroller by Mazidi. ULN2803 has eight darlington pair in a single package. It hascurrent carrying capacity of 500mA. so it will get heated up frequently will get damaged.So two ULN2803 can be connected in parallel to fix the problem but this is a chalta haiway of driving stepper.
全部见:
http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:8fC6eNhdpGEJ:graigroup.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/micromouse1.pdf+stepper+motor+AT89S52&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=21&gl=uk
---------------------------------------------------------------文献3:
Stepper Motor Advantages
and Disadvantages
Advantages
1. The rotation angle of the motor is
proportional to the input pulse.
2. The motor has full torque at stand-
still (if the windings are energized)
3. Precise positioning and repeat-
ability of movement since good
stepper motors have an accuracy of
3 – 5% of a step and this error is
non cumulative from one step to
the next.
4. Excellent response to starting/
stopping/reversing.
5. Very reliable since there are no con-
tact brushes in the motor.
Therefore the life of the motor is
simply dependant on the life of the
bearing.
6. The motors response to digital
input pulses provides open-loop
control, making the motor simpler
and less costly to control.
7. It is possible to achieve very low
speed synchronous rotation with a
load that is directly coupled to the
shaft.
8. A wide range of rotational speeds
can be realized as the speed is
proportional to the frequency
全文见:
http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:v1op7zKvYDEJ:library.solarbotics.net/pdflib/pdf/motorbas.pdf+stepper+motor&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=uk
⑤ 单片机英文文献及翻译，5000字左右 急需 谢谢 [email protected]
Introction of Programmable controllers
From a simple heritage, these remarkable systems have evolved to not only replace electromechanical devices, but to solve an ever-increasing array of control problems in both process and nonprocess instries. By all indications, these microprocessor powered giants will continue to break new ground in the automated factory into the 1990s.
HISTORY
In the 1960s, electromechanical devices were the order of the day ass far as control was concerned. These devices, commonly known as relays, were being used by the thousands to control many sequential-type manufacturing processes and stand-along machines. Many of these relays were in use in the transportation instry, more specifically, the automotive instry. These relays used hundreds of wires and their interconnections to effect a control solution. The performance of a relay was basically reliable - at least as a single device. But the common applications for relay panels called for 300 to 500 or more relays, and the reliability and maintenance issues associated with supporting these panels became a very great challenge. Cost became another issue, for in spite of the low cost of the relay itself, the installed cost of the panel could be quite high. The total cost including purchased parts, wiring, and installation labor, could range from $30~$50 per relay. To make matters worse, the constantly changing needs of a process called for recurring modifications of a control panel. With relays, this was a costly prospect, as it was accomplished by a major rewiring effort on the panel. In addition these changes were sometimes poorly documented, causing a second-shift maintenance nightmare months later. In light of this, it was not uncommon to discard an entire control panel in favor of a new one with the appropriate components wired in a manner suited for the new process. Add to this the unpredictable, and potentially high, cost of maintaining these systems as on high-volume motor vehicle proction lines, and it became clear that something was needed to improve the control process – to make it more reliable, easier to troubleshoot, and more adaptable to changing control needs.
That something, in the late 1960s, was the first programmable controller. This first ‘revolutionary’ system wan developed as a specific response to the needs of the major automotive manufacturers in the United States. These early controllers, or programmable logic controllers (PLC), represented the first systems that 1 could be used on the factory floor, 2 could have there ‘logic’ changed without extensive rewiring or component changes, and 3 were easy to diagnose and repair when problems occurred.
It is interesting to observe the progress that has been made in the past 15 years in the programmable controller area. The pioneer procts of the late 1960s must have been confusing and frightening to a great number of people. For example, what happened to the hardwired and electromechanical devices that maintenance personnel were used to repairing with hand tools? They were replaced with ‘computers’ disguised as electronics designed to replace relays. Even the programming tools were designed to appear as relay equivalent presentations. We have the opportunity now to examine the promise, in retrospect, that the programmable controller brought to manufacturing.
All programmable controllers consist of the basic functional blocks shown in Fig. 10. 1. We’ll examine each block to understand the relationship to the control system. First we look at the center, as it is the heart ( or at least the brain ) of the system. It consists of a microprocessor, logic memory for the storage of the actual control logic, storage or variable memory for use with data that will ordinarily change as a function power for the processor and memory. Next comes the I/O block. This function takes the control level signals for the CPU and converts them to voltage and current levels suitable for connection with factory grade sensors and actuators. The I/O type can range from digital (discrete or on / off), analog (continuously variable), or a variety of special purpose ‘smart’ I/O which are dedicated to a certain application task. The programmer is shown here, but it is normally used only to initially configure and program a system and is not required for the system to operate. It is also used in troubleshooting a system, and can prove to be a valuable tool in pinpointing the exact cause of a problem. The field devices shown here represent the various sensors and actuators connected to the I/O. These are the arms, legs, eyes, and ears of the system, including push buttons, limit switches, proximity switches, photosensors, thermocouples, RTDS, position sensing devices, and bar code reader as input; and pilot lights, display devices, motor starters, DC and AC drives, solenoids, and printers as outputs.
No single attempt could cover its rapidly changing scope, but three basic characteristics can be examined to give classify an instrial control device as a programmable controller.
(1) Its basic internal operation is to solve logic from the beginning of memory to some specified point, such as end of memory or end of program. Once the end is reached, the operation begins again at the beginning of memory. This scanning process continues from the time power is supplied to the time it it removed.
(2) The programming logic is a form of a relay ladder diagram. Normally open, normally closed contacts, and relay coils are used within a format utilizing a left and a right vertical rail. Power flow (symbolic positive electron flow) is used to determine which coil or outputs are energized or deenergized.
(3) The machine is designed for the instrial environment from its basic concept; this protection is not added at a later date. The instrial environment includes unreliable AC power, high temperatures (0 to 60 degree Celsius), extremes of humidity, vibrations, RF noise, and other similar parameters.
General application areas
The programmable controller is used in a wide variety of control applications today, many of which were not economically possible just a few years ago. This is true for two general reasons: 1 there cost effectiveness (that is, the cost per I/O point) has improved dramatically with the falling prices of microprocessors and related components, and 2 the ability of the controller to solve complex computation and communication tasks has made it possible to use it where a dedicated computer was previously used.
Applications for programmable controllers can be categorized in a number of different ways, including general and instrial application categories. But it is important to understand the framework in which controllers are presently understood and used so that the full scope of present and future evolution can be examined. It is through the power of applications that controllers can be seen in their full light. Instrial applications include many in both discrete manufacturing and process instries. Automotive instry applications, the genesis of the programmable controller, continue to provide the largest base of opportunity. Other instries, such as food processing and utilities, provide current development opportunities.
There are five general application areas in which programmable controllers are used. A typical installation will use one or more of these integrated to the control system problem. The five general areas are explained briefly below.
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the instry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Function characteristic
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full plex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC：Supply voltage.
GND：Ground.
Port 0：
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus ring accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes ring Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes ring programverification. External pullups are required ring programverification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte ring fetches from external program memory and ring accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals ring Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address ring accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) ring Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped ring each access to external Data Memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only ring a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped ring each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) ring Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the ty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Figure 1. Oscillator Connections Figure 2. External Clock Drive Configuration
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged ring this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
Power-down Mode
In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
Program Memory Lock Bits
On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.
When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched ring reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly
⑥ 大哥你帮我也整一篇关于单片机的英文文献~3000字的 还要有中文翻译~谢谢了
1. About SCM
It can be said across the twentieth century, the three "electric" era, that is, electrical era, the electronic age, and has now entered the computer age. However, such a computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor etc.. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to smart to give a variety of mechanical microcontroller (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system only used the smallest one IC, you can perform simple operations and control. Because of its small size, usually hidden in a charged mechanical "stomach" Lane. It is the entire device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole device was paralyzed.
Now, this MCU has a very wide field of use, such as smart meters, real-time instrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, home appliances and so on. Once the microcontroller were using a variety of procts, you can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of the proct, often in the proct name is preceded by the adjective - "smart", such as washing machines and so intelligent. At present, some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain procts, not the circuit is too complex, that is, functions are too simple and easy to be copied. The reason may be stuck in the proct without the use of a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.
SCM basic component is a central processing unit (CPU in the computing device and controller), read-only memory (usually expressed as a ROM), read-write memory (also known as Random Access Memory MRAM is usually expressed as a RAM) , input / output port (also divided into parallel port and serial port, expressed as I / O port), and so composed. In fact there is also a clock circuit microcontroller, so that ring operation and control of the microcontroller, can rhythmic manner. In addition, there are so-called "break system", the system is a "janitor" role, when the microcontroller control object parameters that need to be intervention to reach a particular state, can after this "janitor" communicated to the CPU, so that CPU priorities of the external events to take appropriate counter-measures.
单片机的简介
可以说，二十世纪跨越了三个“电”的时代，即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。不过，这种电脑，通常是指个人计算机，简称PC机。它由主机、键盘、显示器等组成。还有一类计算机，大多数人却不怎么熟悉。这种计算机就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机（亦称微控制器）。顾名思义，这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路，即可进行简单运算和控制。因为它体积小，通常都藏在被控机械的“肚子”里。它在整个装置中，起着有如人类头脑的作用，它出了毛病，整个装置就瘫痪了。
现在，这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛，如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。各种产品一旦用上了单片机，就能起到使产品升级换代的功效，常在产品名称前冠以形容词——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣机等。现在有些工厂的技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来的某些产品，不是电路太复杂，就是功能太简单且极易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑器件上。
单片机的基本组成是由中央处理器（即CPU中的运算器和控制器）、只读存贮器（通常表示为ROM）、读写存贮器（又称随机存贮器通常表示为RAM）、输入/输出口（又分为并行口和串行口，表示为I/O口）等等组成。实际上单片机里面还有一个时钟电路，使单片机在进行运算和控制时，都能有节奏地进行。另外，还有所谓的“中断系统”，这个系统有“传达室”的作用，当单片机控制对象的参数到达某个需要加以干预的状态时，就可经此“传达室”通报给CPU，使CPU根据外部事态的轻重缓急来采取适当的应付措施。
⑦ 关于单片机的外文书籍 要书名，作者， 出版社，第几版，时间
书名：Foumdation and Application pf Microcontroller
作者：Guiyun Tian
出版社：高等教育出版社 第一版
⑧ 关于单片机方面的英文文献，最还有翻译
基于单片机的电子表设计
摘要：近年来随着计算机在社会领域的渗透和大规模集成电路的发展，单片机的应用正在不断地走向深入，由于它具有功能强，体积小，功耗低，价格便宜，工作可靠，使用方便等特点，因此特别适合于与控制有关的系统，越来越广泛地应用于自动控制，智能化仪器，仪表，数据采集，军工产品以及家用电器等各个领域，单片机往往是作为一个核心部件来使用，在根据具体硬件结构，以及针对具体应用对象特点的软件结合，以作完善。
本次做的电子表是以单片机（AT89S51）为核心，结合相关的元器件（共阴极LED数码显示器、BCD-锁存/7段译码等），再配以相应的软件，达到实现时钟日历显示的功能，也具有日历计算、显示和时钟、日历的校准，以及多路开关定时输出等功能，其硬件部分难点在于元器件的选择、布局及焊接。
Based on the design of electronic SCM
Abstract: In recent years, with computer penetration in the social sphere and the development of large-scale integrated circuits, MCU applications are constantly deepening, as it has a function of strong, small size, low power consumption, cheap, reliable, Easy to use, and other characteristics, and therefore particularly suited to control the system, more widely used in automatic control, intelligent instruments, meters, data acquisition, military procts and household appliances, and other fields, the MCU is often as a core Parts to use, in accordance with specific hardware and application-specific characteristics of the object with software to make perfect.
This is done in electronic form SCM (AT89S51) as the core, the combination of related components (of cathode LED digital display, BCD-latch / 7 of the decoder, and so on), Coupled with the corresponding software, to achieve Clock calendar shows that the function of the calendar also calculated, display and the clock, the calendar of calibration, and multi-channel Kaiguandingshi output, and other functions, some of its hardware components is difficult choice, layout and welding.